\n\n\n\nWe live o
n a dynamic planet. Observations from seismic and geodetic techniques as w
ell as modelling approaches inform our understanding of the deformation of
the Earth’s surface. Over recent decades horizontal site velocities fro
m space geodetic techniques such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) ha
ve been used to study plate tectonic kinematics in global and regional set
tings.\n\nSolid-earth deformation informs our understanding of the respons
e of the earth system to climate and sea level change\, surface mass trans
port\, postglacial and present-day ice loading\, tectonic motion\, elastic
and viscoelastic relaxation\, resource extraction\, and mantle convection
. Geodetic time series are used to monitor the deformation of the solid Ea
rth and its fluid envelope\, but their robust interpretation depends entir
ely on the stability and accuracy of the underlying reference frame. For a
n accurate and stable reference frame\, unbiased position estimates and ve
locities with realistic uncertainties are necessary to advance understandi
ng in each of these application areas. \n\nSeveral questions remain in in
terpreting geodetic time series of surface displacement which are relevant
to understanding the long-term (decadal to millennial) vertical displacem
ent of Australia: \n\nTo what extent can geodetic time series represent di
splacements beyond their data span? What is the appropriate model for this
motion? How do short-period displacements or noise affect the ability to
robustly estimate the model parameters? What is the characteristic of the
noise in the context of the adopted model? Is the underlying geodetic refe
rence frame sufficiently accurate to allow measurement at the accuracy req
uired? \n\nThis presentation combines rigorous high-quality processing of
GPS data with time series analysis\, deformation modelling\, and spatiotem
poral filtering to explore how the Australian continent is moving and what
that means for applications of precise positioning\, including the stabil
ity and accuracy of the underlying reference frame.\n\nThe faculty host th
is week is Simon McClusky\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/1/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Claire Mallard (University of Sydney)
DTSTART:20200702T030000Z
DTEND:20200702T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/2
DESCRIPTION:Title: 
\n\nOver deep time\, mantle flow-induced dynamic topography as w
ell as plate tectonic evolution drive deposition moderated by higher-frequ
ency fluctuations in climate and sea level. The effects of deep mantle con
vection and lithospheric deformation impact all the segment of the source
to sink systems at different wavelengths and over various scales which rem
ains poorly quantified. Field observations and numerical investigations su
ggest that the long-term stratigraphic record along continental margins co
ntains essential clues on the interactions between dynamic topography and
surface processes. However\, it remains challenging to isolate the fingerp
rints of dynamic topography\, lithospheric deformation\, eustatic variatio
n and climate change in the geological record.\n\nIn the first part of the
talk\, I will show you how we use a new numerical simulation package that
couples the open-source surface evolution code Badlands (https://badlands
.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) with lithospheric-scale thermo-mechanical mode
ls (https://uwgeodynamics.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) for unravelling the e
ffect of rift obliquity on the distribution of facies and the evolution of
stratigraphic architecture in syn-rift deposits.\n\nThe second part will
focus on the integration of mantle convection simulation results into Badl
ands to quantify the impact of different timings and wavelengths of dynami
c topography migration on the surface. I will present an example of the la
st 40 Ma evolution of the South African landscape.\n\nThe results suggest
that our source-to-sink numerical workflow can be used to explore\, in a s
ystematic way\, the interplay between dynamic topography and surface proce
sses and can provide insights into recognizing the geomorphic and stratigr
aphic signals of dynamic topography in the geological record.\n\nShort
bio\n\nDr. Claire Mallard ︎– Postdoctoral research fellow\, Earthb
yte Group\, University of Sydney - leader of the Global Research Stream\,
ARC Basin Genesis Hub\n\nResearch interests:\n\n🔻 Unravelling lo
ng-term interactions between climate\, tectonic\, dynamic topography and e
ustatic forcing parameters from regional to global scales - by studying th
e stratigraphic record\, drainage reorganisation and linking Earth data an
d model observation.\n\n🔻 Understanding multiscale physics interactions
on source to sink systems by linking mantle dynamics\, crustal deformatio
ns and surface evolution - by modelling cross-spatial and temporal physic
al interactions along continental margins.\n\n🔻 Quantifying the impact
of mantle driving forces on Earth history - by designing mantle convection
models enabling the self-consistent generation of plate tectonic and mant
le plumes.\n\nExpertise - From global to regional modelling\n\n🔻
Modelling the interactions between sedimentary systems\, climatic forcing
\, and the crustal and mantle processes.\n\n🔻 Analysing drainage reorga
nisation and stratigraphic record from coupled numerical models.\n\n🔻 D
esigning open-source workflows to quantify and calibrate simulated S2S sys
tems against Earth data\n\nCurrent projects:\n\n🔻 Dynamic topogr
aphy controls on source-to-sink systems (BGH)\n\n - Oran
ge river\, South-Africa.\n\n - Norwegian Margin in coll
aboration with Equinor\n\n - The Nile river in collabora
tion with Chevron\n\n - North Slope Alaska in collaborat
ion with Oilsearch\n\n - Amazon river\, South-America\n\
n🔻 Influence of sedimentation on the migration of crustal deformation a
long continental margins. (BGH)\n\n🔻 GLORIOUS: GLObal ReconstructIon Of
soUrce-to-sink Systems.\n\nThe RSES host this week will be Romain Beucher
\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/2/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Michael Roderick (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200521T030000Z
DTEND:20200521T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/4
DESCRIPTION:Title: 
\n\nThe
last volcanic eruptions in mainland Australia took place around 4\,500-5\
,000 years ago and were witnessed by Indigenous Australians. In this talk
we'll delve deep into Australia's rich and fascinating volcanic history an
d use volcanological and petrological approaches combined with human knowl
edge from preliterate times to investigate how likely a future eruption is
in mainland Australia\, what the warning signals might look like and how
much time we may have to prepare should we detect signs of activity. The g
eneral public's current perceptions of volcanic risk and preparedness in A
ustralia to volcanic activity from within and outside the country will als
o be highlighted.\n\n \n\nBiography\n\nHeather Handley is an Associ
ate Professor of Volcanology and Geochemistry and leads the Volcanic and M
agmatic Research Group at Macquarie University. Her research unravels the
secrets held in the chemistry of volcanic rocks and their minerals to answ
er questions such as what triggers volcanic eruptions? and how fast does m
agma travel from its source to the Earth’s surface? Heather holds a PhD
in Volcano Geochemistry from Durham University\, UK and 1st Class Bachelor
of Science (Honours) in Geology from The University of Edinburgh\, UK. In
2012\, Heather was awarded an Australian Research Council Future Fellowsh
ip to advance our understanding of the timescales of Earth-system process.
She is Co-Founder and President of the Women in Earth and Environmental S
ciences Australasia Network (WOMEESA) and is Co Editor-in-Chief for Earth
and Planetary Science Letters. Heather received an AIPS NSW Young Tall Pop
py Award in 2014 and has led more than 40 outreach events and workshops. S
he frequently writes for The Conversation\, has given over 60 television\,
radio and print interviews and has featured in documentaries for National
Geographic and Discovery Science. She is also mum to two very curious you
ng girls.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/9/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Nerlie Abram (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200319T020000Z
DTEND:20200319T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/10
DESCRIPTION:Title: Australia’s black summer & the connections to human-
caused climate change\nby Nerlie Abram (Research School of Earth Scien
ces\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar
\n\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nThe sum
mer of 2019/20 saw devastating climate extremes and bushfires across south
ern Australia\, and changed the national discourse on the role of human-ca
used climate change in increasing the risk of these impacts. This talk wil
l look at Australia’s current climate position\, the factors that combin
ed to generate the extreme conditions this summer\, and the various ways t
hat climate and fire scientists worked to communicate the scientific evide
nce on these extremes. New evidence on the Indian Ocean Dipole\, one of th
e key climate drivers of Australia’s 2019 climate extremes\, will also b
e discussed.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/10/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Andy Hogg (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200402T020000Z
DTEND:20200402T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/12
DESCRIPTION:Title: Ocean gyres driven by surface buoyancy forcing\nby
Andy Hogg (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU) as part of ANU Resear
ch School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\n\nAbstract\nOcean gyres are
persistent\, large-scale circulation features that give rise to important
ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic and the Kuros
hio current off the east coast of Japan. These gyres are critical in tran
sporting heat from the tropics to the poles. For the last 70 years\, ocean
ographers have assumed that these gyres are driven by wind stress\, howeve
r\, the simple theory that predicts the strength of these gyres fails in m
any parts of the ocean. In this talk\, I will demonstrate that ocean gyres
(complete with a rich eddy field and strong western boundary current) occ
ur even in the absence of wind forcing. Thus\, I contend that a significan
t component of gyre circulation\, particularly in the subpolar regions\, i
s due to temperature-driven buoyancy fluxes. This result represents a prof
ound change to our understanding of one of the most fundamental aspects of
the ocean’s large-scale circulation. \n\n
\n\nSnapshot of Sea Surface Temperature in the North Atlantic Ocean from a hi
gh resolution global ocean-sea ice model. The Gulf Stream is shown by the
tongue of warm water (violet colours) extending up the eastern seaboard of
the USA\, before it separates from the coast and transports heat into the
interior North Atlantic against a background of strong turbulence.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/12/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Wenju Cai (CSIRO (Aspendale\, VIC))
DTSTART:20200416T030000Z
DTEND:20200416T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/13
DESCRIPTION:Title: Response of El Niño/La Niña to greenhouse warming\nby Wenju Cai (CSIRO (Aspendale\, VIC)) as part of ANU Research School o
f Earth Sciences school seminar\n\n\nAbstract\nThe El Niño-Southern Oscil
lation (ENSO)\, alternating between El Niño and La Niña events\, is the
dominant and most consequential climate phenomenon affecting extreme weath
er\, ecosystems\, and agriculture around the world. For example\, during E
l Niño\, sea surface temperature (SST) is anomalously high in the central
and eastern equatorial Pacific\; the warm anomaly shifts the rain band ov
er the tropical western Pacific eastward\, leading to droughts in north-ea
stern Australia\; in contrast\, during La Niña\, SST is lower than normal
in the equatorial central Pacific\, the west Pacific rain band is more in
tense and concentrated\, causing floods over north-eastern Australia. Dete
rmining how ENSO SST variability may respond to greenhouse warming is one
of the most important issues in climate change science\, and has challenge
d scientists for decades. I will present recent findings showing that the
frequency of extreme La Niña and variability of eastern Pacific El Niño
SST are expected to increase in response to unabated greenhouse gas emissi
ons. With this projected increase\, we may expect more occurrences of extr
eme weathers associated with ENSO events\, with pronounced implications fo
r the twenty-first century climate\, extreme weather\, and ecosystems.\n\n
\n\n Infographic of an El Niño\, with the upper port
ion depicting warming\, rising sea level and loss of fisheries in the east
ern equatorial Pacific Ocean\, and the lower portion outlining the terrest
rial impacts in the western Pacific region\, including drought\, drying ri
vers\, crop failure\, and wild forest fires.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/13/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Bree Morgan (University of Sydney\, NSW)
DTSTART:20200514T030000Z
DTEND:20200514T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/14
DESCRIPTION:Title: Sediment geochemistry – The Dolomite Problem\nby
Bree Morgan (University of Sydney\, NSW) as part of ANU Research School o
f Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\,
Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nDr. Evelyn Mervine
obtained a Ph.D. in Marine Geology from the joint program between the Mas
sachusetts Institute of Technology and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institutio
n in 2012. For her thesis\, she studied natural carbon storage in ultramaf
ic rocks in the Samail Ophiolite (uplifted oceanic rocks and underlying ma
ntle) in the Sultanate of Oman and also studied the Ninetyeast Ridge\, a 5
\,000 km long hotspot track in the Indian Ocean. After graduating\, Dr. Me
rvine obtained a job working as a Project Geologist for AuruMar\, a marine
gold exploration company\, and worked in Alaska and South Africa. When Au
ruMar closed down\, she obtained a job as a Senior Marine Geologist for De
Beers and worked in diamond\, gold\, and platinum exploration in marine p
lacers. Next\, she worked on behalf of De Beers Group Services in a global
role as a Climate Change Specialist and leader of a R&D project looking a
t the potential to store carbon in diamond mine tailings in order to offse
t greenhouse gas emissions from mining. She still advises the project as a
Steering Committee member. Since March 2019\, Dr. Mervine has worked as a
Senior Project Geoscientist for Anglo American in the Australia Discovery
Team. She manages technical geological and environmental work for explora
tion activities in Australia. In addition to her industry role\, Dr. Mervi
ne is an Adjunct Fellow at the University of Queensland. In this talk\, Dr
. Mervine will discuss how she made the transition from academia to indust
ry – and give examples of how she leverages her academic training in ind
ustry projects. She will also discuss a few examples of collaborative acad
emic-industry research projects. Last but not least\, she will discuss sus
tainable mining and how both geology and environmental work have played a
role in shaping her industry career.\n\nFaculty this week is Penny King.\n
\nNote that this talk is a personal reflection on career opportunities out
side of an academic track and an opportunity for undergraduate and graduat
e students to interact with a senior and successful scientist. This semina
r is not recorded.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/16/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Voon Hui Lai (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200430T030000Z
DTEND:20200430T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/17
DESCRIPTION:Title: The Seismic Signature of Debris Flows: Flow Mechanics
and Early Warning at Montecito\, California\nby Voon Hui Lai (Research
School of Earth Sciences\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth S
ciences school seminar\n\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nDebr
is flows are concentrated slurries of water and sediment that shape the la
ndscape and pose a major hazard to human life and infrastructure. Seismic
ground motion-based observations promise to provide new\, remote constrain
ts on debris flow physics\, but the lack of data and a theoretical basis f
or interpreting them hinders progress. Here we present a new mechanistic p
hysical model for the seismic ground motion of debris flows. We find that
the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the seismic data can distin
guish debris flows from other seismic sources. The model suggests that sei
smic ground motion amplitudes are most sensitive to the product of physica
l parameters related to the debris flow: average flow speed\, length and w
idth of boulder snout\, and boulder sizes. The model also implies that pea
k frequency of the seismic signal depends on average distance of the debri
s flow from the instrument. Applying the modeling framework to the Monteci
to debris flows\, California on 9 January 2018\, we can determine that the
average distance to the nearest debris flows and that the estimated grain
sizes and flow speeds are consistent with observations. The ability to ac
curately describe the absolute seismic amplitude of debris flow source is
a key step towards creating a physics-based early warning system for this
particular natural hazard.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/17/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Phil Bland (Curtin University\, WA)
DTSTART:20200507T030000Z
DTEND:20200507T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/18
DESCRIPTION:Title: Enabling Australian planetary missions: technical path
way and science applications\nby Phil Bland (Curtin University\, WA) a
s part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture
held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Ac
ton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\n\nWith the inau
guration of Australia’s space agency the volume around all things ‘spa
ce’ has been turned up to 11. But although agencies internationally reco
gnise that science is a fundamental enabler in their space economies\, and
that missions are a key element of that\, that realisation has not yet oc
curred in Australia. Here I will outline a program that will drive down th
e cost of mission development for Australian planetary scientists\, build
our research base\, and help demonstrate the value of blue-sky research to
policy makers. The innovation at the heart of this program is having a so
vereign capacity in spacecraft development.\n\nA spacecraft bus is essenti
ally all of the primary systems of a spacecraft\, minus the payload. Austr
alia has significant capability in R&D around payloads\, and science deliv
ery from payloads as members of mission science teams. With launch costs c
oming down\, and expanded opportunities to ride-share on missions from par
tner agencies overseas\, the main obstacle to Australian-led missions is t
he spacecraft. The availability of a generic advanced planetary class bus
would allow Australian researchers to define and execute their own mission
s\, for a fraction of the current cost. Curtin is currently developing the
hardware that will enable that. The in-orbit trial of our prototype will
take place in early 2021. Australia has a world-class planetary science co
mmunity\, with broad and deep relationships with international agencies. I
t is our hope that this program can assist our community in helping to def
ine Australia’s future in space. In this talk I will outline the R&D pat
h behind the program\, and mission concepts for the Moon\, near-Earth aste
roids\, and Mars.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/18/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Tamsin Mather (Oxford University)
DTSTART:20200603T070000Z
DTEND:20200603T080000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/19
DESCRIPTION:Title: The impact of volcanism on Earth's atmosphere: from pr
esent-day volcanic 'pollution' to geological mass extinction events\nb
y Tamsin Mather (Oxford University) as part of ANU Research School of Eart
h Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Resea
rch School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nBio: Profess
or Mather is a volcanologist at the University of Oxford\, UK where she ha
s been on the faculty since 2006. She received Masters degrees in Chemistr
y and History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Cambridge
and\, after a year working in Germany and then Brussels doing a placement
for the European Commission\, she returned to Cambridge completing a PhD
on the atmospheric chemistry of volcanic plumes and their environmental ef
fects in 2004. Before joining Oxford she was seconded to the UK Parliamen
tary Office of Science and Technology\, and a Royal Society Dorothy Hodgki
n Research Fellow. She won a UNESCO/L’Oréal UK & Ireland Women in Scie
nce award in 2008\, the Philip Leverhulme prize in 2010\, was UK Mineralog
ical Society Distinguished Lecturer in 2015/16 and winner of the 2018 Ros
alind Franklin Award from the Royal Society. She has spoken at numerous sc
ience and participated in several TV and radio programmes including BBC Ra
dio 4's Life Scientific and The Infinite Monkey Cage.\n\nThis week's semi
nar was organised by Monash University and re-advertised by RSES.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/19/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Phil Cummins (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU and Geoscien
ce Australia)
DTSTART:20200527T030000Z
DTEND:20200527T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/20
DESCRIPTION:Title: Susan L Cutter Seminar Series "'Black Swans' and Seism
ic Risk in Megacities of SE Asia"\nby Phil Cummins (Research School of
Earth Sciences\, ANU and Geoscience Australia) as part of ANU Research Sc
hool of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\n\nAbstract\nSusan L Cutter Semina
r Series: 'Black Swans' and Seismic Risk in Megacities of SE Asia\n\nTh
e 21st century began with a remarkable series of great earthquakes occurri
ng off Sumatra\, starting with the 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and India
n Ocean Tsunami that caused over 220\,00 deaths. While subsequent earthqua
kes were deadly\, none resulted in fatalities on the massive scale of the
2004 event. Can we expect this trend to continue?\n\nRisk for natural disa
sters is often expressed with the heuristic equation:\n\nRisk = Hazard x E
xposure x Vulnerability\n\nThis expresses that risk increases with each ha
zard\, exposure and vulnerability\, but also shows that risk may increase
dramatically if more than one of these factors increase. I will argue in t
his talk that all three factors have increased markedly in SE Asia since t
he late 20th century.\n\nAlthough the hazard itself may not have increased
\, our perception of the hazard is changing rapidly. Much attention has re
cently focused on giant earthquakes and tsunamis\, but the much smaller 20
10 Haiti earthquake was the world’s most deadly. Could such a disaster h
appen in SE Asia? I will argue that similar earthquakes pose a potent but
largely ignored threat to some megacities in SE Asia – particularly Dakk
ha\, Manila and Jakarta.\n\nFollowing the 20th century's explosion in glob
al population\, SE Asia's population continues to increase at 1% annually\
, with a median age of 30 and 50% residing in cities. Urbanisation is acce
lerating\, with an urban population of 280 million today that is expected
to grow to 373 million by 2030. The chances of a large earthquake directly
striking an urban population increase commensurately\, and these urban po
pulations are subject to many factors that increase their vulnerability\,
including: typical residential construction that is non-engineered with po
or-quality masonry\; many tall buildings that lack adequate earthquake-spe
cific designs\; basins of thick\, soft sediments that exacerbate ground mo
tions and may be prone to liquefaction.\n\nI will present a combination of
modeling results\, compilations of historical accounts and analyses of re
cent geophysical data that suggest that\, although some earthquake-prone a
reas of SE Asia may currently be in a period of quiescence\, the potential
for destructive earthquakes is high\, and that when such events occur the
ir impacts are likely to be severe.\n\n \n\nPhil R. Cummins received his P
hD in Geophysics form U. California Berkeley in 1988 and worked as a postd
octoral and research fellow at the Australian National University (ANU) un
til 1996\, when he moved to the Japan Center for Marine-Earth Science and
Technology (JAMSTEC). After leading a geodynamics research unit at JAMSTEC
\, in 2001 he took up a position leading earthquake and tsunami hazard res
earch at Geoscience Australia (GA). In 2011\, he accepted a joint appointm
ent between GA and ANU as Prof. Natural Hazards\, where he combines teachi
ng and research in natural hazards at ANU with technical application of ea
rthquake and tsunami science at GA.\n\nNote that this talk was organised b
y the Disaster Risk Science Institute at ANU: https://drsi.anu.edu.au.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/20/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Katie Cooper (Washington State University)
DTSTART:20201008T020000Z
DTEND:20201008T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/21
DESCRIPTION:Title: Craton Stability: What’s Thickness (and shape) Got T
o Do With It.\nby Katie Cooper (Washington State University) as part o
f ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\n\nAbstract\n
\n
\
n\nClimate change has become one of the most important economic\, environm
ental and social challenges of the 21st century\, with sea-level rise a ke
y aspect. Today\, the order of 100 million of people live within a metre o
f high tide level\, and more people are moving towards the coast in both t
he developed and developing world. Historical and paleo observations\, the
advent of modern satellite and in situ ocean\, cyosphere and climate obse
rving systems and the development of improved ocean\, ice sheet and climat
e models has greatly improved our understanding of contemporary sea-level
change. There is now a reasonable understanding of the reasons for sea-lev
el change over recent decades and since 1900\, including the attribution o
f the observed change to the climatic drivers. There are important implica
tions for the 21st century and beyond. Critically important for regional
sea level around the globe is the changing structure of the oceans and gla
ciers\, the role of the oceans and atmosphere in the future of the ice she
ets of Antarctica and Greenland and the vertical movement of coastal regio
ns. Projections for the 21st century indicate sea levels could rise by a
metre or more for unmitigated emissions. Sea levels will not stop rising
in 2100\, even for the strongest mitigation scenario. Indeed\, failure to
mitigate our greenhouse gas emissions will lead to a world of catastrophi
c changes. Avoiding these changes will require significant\, urgent and s
ustained mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. But even with successful
mitigation\, society will have to adapt to that component of climate chan
ge we can no longer avoid. As a result\, sea-level rise will have major i
mpacts around the world.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/24/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Chengxin Jiang (Research School of Earth Science\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200716T030000Z
DTEND:20200716T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/25
DESCRIPTION:Title: Probing the structure and evolving state of three west
ern U.S. volcanos with seismic noise\nby Chengxin Jiang (Research Scho
ol of Earth Science\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Science
s school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Schoo
l of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\
nThis study presents the latest progresses on seismic imaging and monitori
ng of three volcanos of various size and tectonic settings in the western
U.S.\, i.e.\, Yellowstone\, Long Valley caldera and Mount St. Helens. High
-resolution 3D crustal shear-wave (Vs) structures were constructed using s
eismic ambient noise\, which are mainly resulted from wave action in the g
lobal oceans. A particular innovation of this study is the incorporation o
f multi-component seismic data to constrain the anisotropic properties of
the magmatic reservoirs beneath the volcanos. Pronounced low velocities re
gions are found to be coincident with strong positive anisotropy beneath a
ll three volcanic systems and are interpreted to be magmatic reservoirs wi
th fine-scale layering. Such layering structures may represent sill-type i
ntrusions of molten melts\, and their existence demonstrates that magmatic
reservoirs beneath these volcanoes can grow incrementally from the deep t
hrough a long-term process. The similarity of magma reservoir anisotropy i
n varied tectonic settings suggests that such mid-crustal sill complexes m
ay be ubiquitous features of large magmatic systems\, and that anisotropy
should be considered to seismically estimate melt content and mobility. In
this talk\, I will also share results from ongoing research to show how a
dditional seismic monitoring using 10-year seismic noise data provide furt
her insights for the evolving state of the Long Valley caldera.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/25/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Katarina Miljkovic (Space Science and Technology Centre\, School o
f Earth and Planetary Science Curtin University)
DTSTART:20200305T020000Z
DTEND:20200305T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/26
DESCRIPTION:Title: Structure of the martian crust and overview of the NAS
A Insight mission\nby Katarina Miljkovic (Space Science and Technology
Centre\, School of Earth and Planetary Science Curtin University) as part
of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held i
n Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton ca
mpus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nSince arriving
on Mars in November 2018\, NASA InSight (Interior exploration using Seismi
c Investigations\, Geodesy and Heat Transport) mission has detected over 3
00 marsquakes. They are the first quakes ever detected on Mars\, and the
first on a planetary body other than Earth or the Moon. The aim of the mi
ssion is to use the data to probe the Martian interior and understand the
crust\, mantle and core structure. This seminar will include an overview o
f the InSight mission and its key discoveries to date. Further focus of th
e seminar will be on the impact cratering process on Mars\, and how it can
be used a tool to probe the crustal structure of Mars\, in tandem with th
e observations by InSight and previous Mars missions.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/26/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Nicolas Thouveny (CEREGE AMU\, CNRS\, IRD\, INRA\, Coll. de Fr.\,
Aix en Provence)
DTSTART:20200227T020000Z
DTEND:20200227T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/27
DESCRIPTION:Title: Cosmogenic 10Be and paleomagnetic records of the Earth
’s magnetic field history: news and views\nby Nicolas Thouveny (CERE
GE AMU\, CNRS\, IRD\, INRA\, Coll. de Fr.\, Aix en Provence) as part of AN
U Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeg
er 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\
n\nAbstract\n
\n\n
Series of Geomagnetic dipole lows (GDL) associated with polarity reversals
and excursions have been reconstructed for the Brunhes and Matuyama epoch
s by coupling and cross-checking paleomagnetic records (relative paleointe
nsity\, RPI) and cosmogenic Beryllium records (authigenic 10Be/9Be ratio)
along ocean clayey-carbonate sequences deposited at rates of 2 to 20 cm/ky
r. The 10Be production is enhanced (quasi-doubled) at the time of polarity
reversals (i.e. the B/M transition at ca 772 ka) and excursions (i.e. (La
schamp event at 41 ka). This strategy allows detecting eventual stratigrap
hic offsets (few cm to several dm) between the two expressions of a given
GDL. In such cases\, 10Be peaks being eventually located above RPI minima\
, this demonstrates the reality and importance of considering non-negligib
le locking depth of the (post-) depositional remanent magnetization and th
us delays that reduce the precision/reliability of paleomagnetic markers a
s ultra-high resolution markers for intercorrelation and dating sedimentar
y archives. Meanwhile\, the calibration of 10Be/9Be records using empirica
l and theoretical relationships between cosmogenic nuclide production and
the geomagnetic dipole moment values\, allows producing 10Be derived dipol
e moment records\, independent from RPI sedimentary paleomagnetic records.
These provide useful time series for spectral analyses and computing rate
s of changes of the past geomagnetic moment across reversals and excursion
s\, and thus offer a reliable pacing frame to the 103 to 106 years scale r
egime of the Earth’s dynamo\, opening perspectives on the secular to mil
lenial decay of the modern geomagnetic field.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/27/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Benoit Tauzin (Research School of Earth Science\, ANU and Universi
té de Lyon)
DTSTART:20200206T020000Z
DTEND:20200206T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/29
DESCRIPTION:Title: A poorly mixed mantle and its thermal state inferred f
rom seismic waves\nby Benoit Tauzin (Research School of Earth Science\
, ANU and Université de Lyon) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sci
ences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research S
chool of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe Earth’s man
tle transition zone is a complex region exhibiting mineralogical phase cha
nges as revealed by sharp increases of seismic wave-speed between 410 and
660 km depths. Because of its potential in filtering chemical elements\, t
he transition zone represents a key region for understanding how efficient
is global mantle convection to mix and recycle geochemical heterogeneitie
s. Global sampling of the transition zone is only possible with seismic me
thods\, via the analysis of seismic waves generated by large\, distant ear
thquakes and subsequently recorded by receivers located on the Earth’s s
urface. These waves propagate and illuminate the Earth’s deep internal i
nterior\, and provide critical constraints on the elastic structure. Seism
ologists and geophysicists have since the 90’s attempted to isolate the
effects of temperature and composition on mantle elastic properties. Howev
er\, a major issue is imperfect seismic data coverage that prevents from r
econstructing the multiple length-scales of thermo-chemical heterogeneitie
s. Seismic and laboratory-based data also suffer from large uncertainties\
, and the relationship between seismic observables and in situ thermo-chem
ical parameters remains questionable. I will describe collaborative effort
s to overcome these limitations. We use mineral physics data and a partiti
oning approach to isolate the multi-scale effects of temperature and compo
sition on the most comprehensive databases of seismic waves sensitive to t
he transition zone. I will illustrate the potential of these approaches in
a two-case analysis. At regional scale\, I will show that the complexity
of the structure near the subduction zones of North and Central Honshu bel
ow the Japan (East) Sea --- single and double discontinuities ranging in d
epth from 650 to 730 km\, as well as a low-velocity zone at the tip of the
subducted Pacific plate --- can theoretically be explained by phase equil
ibria in a pyrolitic mantle composition. At global scale\, we combine comp
ressional\, shear-wave reflection observations\, and modeling\, to build a
new global thermal model for the transition zone. We demonstrate that imp
erfect chemical equilibration of a mantle with pyrolitic composition is ab
le to explain the global absence of P-wave reflections underneath the 660-
km discontinuity. We also show that the maximum required temperature at 66
0 km depth globally is 2000 K. Finally\, we found broad regions of elevate
d temperatures beneath the Pacific that are demarcated by major hotspots\,
suggesting that the transition zone is a source of secondary mantle plume
s\, in which only the hottest material tends to rise through.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/29/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Patrick Ball (Research School of Earth Science\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200213T020000Z
DTEND:20200213T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/30
DESCRIPTION:Title: The Global Influence of Mantle Temperature on Intrapla
te Magmatism\nby Patrick Ball (Research School of Earth Science\, ANU)
as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLectur
e held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU
Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nMantle convection governs broad-scale Earth processes such a
s plate tectonics\, volatile cycling and dynamic topography. Intraplate vo
lcanic activity is often attributed to warm upwelling mantle and is theref
ore a useful tool in understanding how the planform of mantle convection c
hanges through time. Here\, I compiled a comprehensive global geochemical
database of >20\,000 Neogene and Quaternary intraplate volcanic samples. B
y comparing this database to surface-wave tomographic models\, I show that
>90% of intraplate volcanic regions occur above lithosphere <100 km thick
and anomalously hot mantle at 100-200 km depths. Shear-wave velocity anom
alies\, ΔVs\, at these depths positively correlate with incompatible elem
ent concentrations in mafic intraplate rocks. Therefore\, both mafic rock
compositions and shear wave velocities are sensitive to mantle temperature
variations. This correlation decreases appreciably at depths >200 km\, wh
ich demonstrates that the composition of intraplate volcanic rocks are sen
sitive to thermochemical variations in the uppermost mantle. \n\nForw
ard and inverse modelling of rare earth elements are used to estimate asth
enospheric temperatures and lithospheric thicknesses beneath each intrapla
te volcanic province. These \ngeochemical results are compared with asthen
ospheric temperature and lithospheric thickness estimates from tomographic
models. A positive correlation is observed between geochemical and tomogr
aphic potential temperature estimates. The relationship between melt compo
sition and mantle temperature can be obscured on local scales by mantle he
terogeneity and alterations to the primary melt on the way to the surface.
However\, a global analysis reveals coherent signals between these obse
rvations\, and so the location and composition of intraplate magmatism can
play an important role in predicting past mantle conditions. I will als
o show initial results for the eastern Australian Cenozoic volcanic prov
ince.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/30/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Trevor Ireland (Research School of Earth Science\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200220T020000Z
DTEND:20200220T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/31
DESCRIPTION:Title: Perspectives on Asteroids\nby Trevor Ireland (Rese
arch School of Earth Science\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Eart
h Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Resea
rch School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nOnly five sa
mple return missions have delivered extraterrestrial samples back to Earth
. These include materials from the moon\, Sun\, a comet\, and an asteroid
. The analysis of these materials has yielded great insight in to the for
mation of the solar system. Sample return is based on the need for the be
st precision and accuracy in the analysis of these materials. In the las
t year\, two missions have been actively exploring two asteroids and one o
f these\, Hayabusa 2 is now on its way back to Earth to arrive in Woomera
in December. This talk will look at the historic role of RSES in the anal
ysis of extraterrestrial materials\, as well as the prospects for obtainin
g new insight from the Hayabusa 2 mission.\n\n
\n
\n
\nFigure from Niespolo\, E.M.\, Sharp\, W.D.\, Fylstra\, N.\, Avery\, G.\, Blegen\, N.\, Faith\, J .T.\, Henshilwood\, C.S.\, Klein\, R.\, Van Niekerk\, K.\, Weisz\, D.G.\, Tryon\, C.A.\, 2018\, U-Th burial dating of ostrich eggshell beyond the 14 C limit\, Goldschmidt Conference\n
\n\nAt the end of
the 19th Century and the beginning of the 20th Century\, three important d
iscoveries were made in the European Alps that transformed our way of unde
rstanding how orogens form\; namely the formation of nappes\, ophiolites (
Steinmann Trinity) and the underthrusting of crustal material to great dep
th (Verschluckung\, or “subduction”). Nevertheless\, the conceptual fr
amework of Plate Tectonics would have to wait another half of a century an
d emerge from (ocean-)going geophysicists and not Alpine geologists. It wa
s the geophysical identification of subducting oceanic lithosphere at conv
ergent margins and active mid-ocean ridges at divergent margins in the mid
-1900s that highlighted how the motion of rigid oceanic plates and Benioff
-Type oceanic subduction were the key drivers of Plate Tectonics. Ever sin
ce\, this paradigm has been systematically applied to the European Alps en
abling us to decipher\, amongst others\, the closure of oceans\, collision
al magmatism\, subduction-related metamorphism and exhumation of high-pres
sure rocks. \n\nHowever\, numerous characteristics of the Alpine conver gence are fundamentally distinct from typical Benioff-type subduction. Ben ioff-type subductions have large oceanic slabs\, a long-term magmatic reco rd and particular magmatic intra-oceanic subduction-initiation signatures. Other characteristics include the minor abundances of high-pressure rocks in accretionary prism and near-absence of evidence of (ultra-)high pressu re rocks. On the other hand\, the Alps are characterized by a pre-collisio nal lithosphere comprised of rift basins characterized by thinned continen tal crust and exhumed subcontinental mantle. The western Tethys\, from the future Pyrenees to the European Alps\, was therefore not a “classical ” ocean\, but a series of small basins and only a sporadic\, short-lived ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridge. More surprisingly is a 50 myr “ma gmatic arc-gap”\, with magmatism only occurring upon collision. Moreover \, extensive subduction mélanges typical of Benioff-Type convergent margi ns are not found in the Alps. Instead\, the Alps preserve coherent imbrica tions of high-pressure passive margins and oceanic core complexes. Rifted passive margins remain therefore preserved\, if somewhat deformed in the A lps. \n
\nThe Alps were therefore formed by the forced closure of hyper-
extended basins along weakened\, serpentinised passive margins in a case o
f “Ampferer-type” continental subduction. Benioff-type oceanic subduct
ion results in the efficient subduction of oceanic lithosphere\, abundant
magmatism and limited exhumation of metamorphic lithologies. On the other
hand\, Ampferer-type continental subduction results in the closure of hype
r-extended continental basins and inefficient deep subduction of hydrated
(serpentinites and oceanic sediments) lithologies\, or “congested subduc
tion”. Although the Alps are typically used as a “fossil” convergent
margin akin to modern oceanic subduction zones\, we will explore the geol
ogical record which suggests instead that the Alps might be better underst
ood in terms of continental tectonics\, namely extreme intracontinental ex
tension\, ultra-slow plate separation and compression of hyper-extended co
ntinental domains and we will discuss possible consequences.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/36/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Michael Ellwood (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200910T030000Z
DTEND:20200910T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/37
DESCRIPTION:Title: Iron cycling in the Southern Ocean\nby Michael Ell
wood (RSES\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school
seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Eart
h Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nMesoscale eddies are ubiquitou
s in the Southern Ocean and play a major role in the transfer of heat and
carbon between the ocean and atmosphere. Southern Ocean cold-core eddies a
re typically defined by strong clockwise rotation and by cooler temperatur
es and negative sea-surface height anomalies. These eddies typically have
closed circulation leading to distinct biogeochemical properties compared
to external waters\, thus making them a static mesocosm-like environment.
The concentration of dissolved iron in remote Southern Ocean surface water
s\, away from continental and island input sources\, is typically sub-nano
molar\; thus phytoplankton production in these waters is reduced. In this
talk\, I will present iron concentration and isotope results for the study
of a subantarctic cold-core eddy during the austral autumn of 2016. I wil
l show that the isolated nature of Southern Ocean eddies can have distinct
ly different iron biogeochemistry compared to surrounding waters\, which i
nfluences phytoplankton production.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/37/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Brian Kennett (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20200903T030000Z
DTEND:20200903T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/38
DESCRIPTION:Title: Characterising Earth structure from seismic data\n
by Brian Kennett (RSES\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Scie
nces school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Sc
hool of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nOur understanding
of the 3-D structure of the Earth has been built around reference earth mo
dels such as PREM (1981) and ak135 (1995). These models have specific cha
racteristics associated with the way they were constructed that influence
inferences made about the Earth. Even the presentation of 3-D results fro
m seismic tomographic models can be strongly influenced by the reference m
odels used\, particular when relative perturbations are plotted.\nObservat
ional advances have indicated a few places where radial models need to be
updated\, notably at the top of the outer core and in the inner core. An
updated model ek137 has recently been developed that improves the renderi
ng of core structure whilst retains the good fit to the properties of the
full range of seismological phases.\nSpin transitions in iron bearing lowe
r mantle minerals have long been regarded as seismologically invisible\, b
ut the relative behaviour of the shear and bulk modulus in the body-wave m
odels suggests that a weak signature survives 3-D averaging.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/38/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Elena Belousova (Macquarie University)
DTSTART:20201022T030000Z
DTEND:20201022T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/39
DESCRIPTION:Title: TerraneChron®\;: Past\, Present\, Future\nby El
ena Belousova (Macquarie University) as part of ANU Research School of Ear
th Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Rese
arch School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n \n\n#2 Locations including East Antarctica are wel
l known for rocks that exhibit complex geochronology based on U-Pb data fo
r zircon and monazite grains that spreads close to concordia over tens to
a few hundreds of Myr. Traditionally\, the oldest analyses are used to inf
er the age of igneous crystallisation or a high-T metamorphic event\, wher
eas the youngest ages point toward the timing of a Pb-loss event. While th
e isotopic and trace element characteristics of zircon and monazite have b
een well characterised\, clear links to microstructural patterns are often
lacking\, as for example where core domains are dated as younger than rim
domains. This talk presents newly published data for granitic melt-monazi
te reaction experiments and compares the compositions and textures of the
reaction products to those of natural samples from East Antarctica and els
ewhere. The experiments resulted in a range of complex textures that are a
ttributed to both dissolution and coupled dissolution-precipitation proces
ses. The microstructure of natural zircon from both gabbroic and granitic
rocks and monazite from a range of rocks are comparable to the modified gr
ains in our experiments. Additionally\, the complexly modified isotopic si
gnatures\, including ages\, of the monazite reacted in the experiments mim
ic natural complex data sets. The complex textures and age-data patterns o
f natural zircon and monazite grains are interpreted as the result of melt
-mediated coupled dissolution-precipitation reactions acting on pre-existi
ng zircon and monazite grains. This process skews apparent ages towards th
e age of melt-mineral interaction. Therefore\, significance is placed on t
he youngest grains to date high-T anatectic events. We highlight that zirc
on and monazite grains modified via coupled dissolution-precipitation duri
ng melt-rock interaction may not faithfully record the age or duration of
metamorphism in melt-present systems and caution against relying on comple
x data sets for such interpretations. These datasets are in some cases unl
ikely to be geologically meaningful. (Previously-recorded talk can be fou
nd here)\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/50/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Eleanor Green (University of Melbourne)
DTSTART:20210211T020000Z
DTEND:20210211T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/51
DESCRIPTION:Title: Uncertainties and correlations in geological phase equ
ilibrium modelling\nby Eleanor Green (University of Melbourne) as part
of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held i
n Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton ca
mpus.\n\nAbstract\n"Phase equilibrium modelling" in today's metamorphic an
d igneous petrology commonly refers to pseudosection calculations\, using
one of THERMOCALC\, Perple_X or Theriak-Domino. The calculation of pseudos
ections (Powell\, Holland & Worley 1998 J Metam Geol 16 577) is a method o
f thermobarometry by forward modelling. It evolved in the late 1990s from
multiple-reaction thermobarometry\, an inverse approach that applied the p
ower of internally-consistent datasets to the more traditional single-reac
tion approach to thermometry and barometry. \n\nA primary reason for devel
oping the pseudosection approach was to show what large uncertainties affl
ict thermobarometry\, as derived from the modelling of the equilibrium. Bu
t the uncertainties are far from transparent to the user. There is a good
reason for that - the structure of the uncertainties is sufficiently compl
icated that the developers struggle with how to frame it\, too. A new tool
in THERMOCALC\, currently in development\, should move us forward with th
is.\n\nIf the discussion of uncertainty in thermobarometry is difficult\,
the problem looks even harder once we consider recent efforts to combine p
hase equilibrium modelling with other computational disciplines in the Ear
th Sciences. While there are no straightforward answers\, there are import
ant concepts that we should be aware of. \n\nIn today's talk I will give a
n overview of the uncertainties challenge from a model developer's perspec
tive.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/51/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Chris Elders (Curtin University)
DTSTART:20201105T020000Z
DTEND:20201105T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/52
DESCRIPTION:Title: The evolution of the North West Shelf\nby Chris El
ders (Curtin University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences
school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School
of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nWhile there is probably
no such things as a “typical” passive continental margin\, the evolut
ion of the North West Shelf of Australia is particularly complex. It has
experienced a series of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic rift events\, many of whic
h are associated with the separation of micro-continental fragments\, alth
ough the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear.\n\nUnderstanding the P
alaeozoic history of the margin is particularly difficult as stratigraphic
successions of this age are deeply buried and\, apart from on the basin m
argins\, are not often penetrated by wells. However\, the widespread avai
lability of high quality seismic reflection data does provide some constra
ints. The importance of Permian rifting in controlling the fundamental ar
chitecture of the margin has become increasingly apparent\, as has the com
plexity of events during the Triassic. Our understanding of the tectonic
setting of the margin during this period of time continues to evolve.\n\nE
xtensional fault activity during the Mesozoic is also more complex than pr
eviously recognised. Fault activity is clearly diachronous and the domina
nt fault orientation does not necessarily appear consistent with plate tec
tonic reconstructions\, suggesting that processes other than plate boundar
y conditions may drive deformation. Sedimentary systems do however respon
d to changes in plate tectonic configuration and the evolution of the rift
system.\n\nDeformation of the margin continues after final break up (sepa
ration of Greater India and Australia)\, and it turns out that the margin
is not particularly “passive” after all. Although not necessarily typ
ical\, the data-rich nature of the margin does provide insights into the r
ange of processes that operate on rifted continental margins.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/52/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Luke Parsons (University of Washington)
DTSTART:20191010T020000Z
DTEND:20191010T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/53
DESCRIPTION:Title: Interdecadal Temperature Variability in Climate Model
Simulations and Paleoclimate Data\nby Luke Parsons (University of Wash
ington) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\
nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences
\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe combined impacts of natural climate
variability and global warming will define how we experience 21st century
climate change. If natural\, interdecadal climate variability is strong re
lative to global warming\, our future climate path may unfold like a jagge
d staircase. By contrast\, if internal climate variability is weak relativ
e to forced climate change\, our future climate path may be more smooth. D
espite the importance of interdecadal climate variability for determining
this future climate path\, we have a limited understanding of which region
s are driving decade-long warming and cooling shifts in global surface air
temperature. It is difficult to study temperature variations lasting deca
des to centuries because instrumental observations tend to be too short\,
and climate model simulations often disagree on regional sources of natura
l climate variability. Here I use a new data set\, the Last Millennium Rea
nalysis (LMR)\, that combines pre-instrumental (paleoclimate) records with
climate model data to extend our knowledge of past climate variations and
what may be causing them. The LMR climate field reconstructions suggest t
hat regions of the North Pacific and North Atlantic oceans are associated
with global temperature variations on decadal timescales.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/53/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Lisa Tauxe (University of California\, San Diego)
DTSTART:20191017T020000Z
DTEND:20191017T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/54
DESCRIPTION:Title: Hunting the Magnetic Field\nby Lisa Tauxe (Univers
ity of California\, San Diego) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sci
ences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research S
chool of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe strength of t
he magnetic field is one of the fundamental properties of the Earth\, and
its behaviour over time has implications in disparate fields such as geody
namics and archaeology. Thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) has a quasi-l
inear relationship to the ambient magnetic field applied during cooling of
magma. This process can be reproduced in the laboratory\, making it possi
ble to estimate absolute paleointensity of Earth's magnetic field. TRM\, o
f all the forms of remanent magnetization formed in nature\, has the stron
gest theoretical basis thanks to the work of Néel (1949) and Thellier & T
hellier (1959). Despite the simplicity of TRM theory for ideal\, uniformly
magnetized grains\, there are many complications that make interpretation
of paleointensity data difficult. And there are clues in the present data
base that things can go very wrong. For example\, although we know that p
aleomagnetic directions on Earth’s surface are well explained by a simpl
e geocentric axial dipole field model\, intensity data for even the best s
tudied lava flow (Hawaii\, 1960) have estimates spanning the entire range
on Earth’s surface and even higher. We must do better! Recent results fr
om micromagnetic modeling\, laboratory analogue experiments\, and new appr
oaches to data selection and field sampling lead to the optimistic view th
at accurate estimates are achievable. In this lecture I will review where
we are\, how we got there and where we can go with paleointensity estimate
s.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/54/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Caitlin Whalen (University of Washington)
DTSTART:20191031T020000Z
DTEND:20191031T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/55
DESCRIPTION:Title: Internal Wave Driven Mixing in the Ocean: Governing Pr
ocesses and Consequences for Climate\nby Caitlin Whalen (University of
Washington) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school semin
ar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sci
ences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nWinds blowing over the ocean’s su
rface and tides flowing over rough bathymetry can produce oceanic internal
waves that can propagate horizontally as well as vertically until they br
eak and turbulently mix the water. Even though this mixing occurs on centi
meter scales\, it has global consequences for the ocean’s density struct
ure\, circulation\, and surface properties. I will review what we currentl
y know about the mechanisms\, geography\, and consequences of internal wav
e driven mixing in the ocean. Throughout the review I will highlight recen
t work on the role of mesoscale currents in wind-driven internal wave mixi
ng\, the vertical structure of mixing in the ocean\, and mixing in a chang
ing climate.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/55/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Babak Hejrani (Geoscience Australia)
DTSTART:20191114T020000Z
DTEND:20191114T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/56
DESCRIPTION:Title: Advances in Seismic Source determination\, application
to seismicity in Australasia\nby Babak Hejrani (Geoscience Australia)
as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLectur
e held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU
Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe majority of the Earth’s seismic activity
occurs within the top 30 km of the crust suggesting that plate tectonic pr
ocesses are driven by relatively shallow dynamics. At the same time large\
, shallow and tsunamigenic earthquakes are among the most destructive natu
ral disasters faced by Australia and the Pacific ‘ring-of-fire’. As an
example\, the 2004 Great Sumatra earthquake and associated tsunami reagic
ally killed ~230\,000 people in 14 countries. In this context\, accurate e
stimation of the location\, duration\, depth and mechanism of shallow eart
hquakes is crucial for seismic hazard assessments and a better understandi
ng of the near-surface dynamics of the Earth.\n\nSince four decades ago\,
earthquake source parameters have been estimated at through waveform model
ling of low-frequency data and the results collected in earthquake catalog
ues such as the global-centroid-moment-tensor (GCMT) and USGS. These catal
ogues rely on two assumptions: 1) one-dimensional spherically symmetric Ea
rth models\, and 2) the point source approximation of seismic source. Howe
ver\, it is well-understood that the Earth's structure varies significantl
y with lateral position (as is observed in tomographic maps of the Earth
’s interior). It has also been shown that earthquake originate at elonga
ted (sometimes very complex) ruptures and not point wources.\n\nI have dev
eloped and implemented methods to incorporate the 3D heterogeneity of the
earth into seismic source parameter estimation. Based on these development
s\, I have drawn a new earthquake catalogue for Papua New Guinea and the S
olomon Islands using a 3D continental model of the Australasian region and
I will discuss the new insights that this dataset provides. Using high-re
solution 3D Earth models\, I present a high-frequency simulation of the 20
16 Petermann Ranges earthquake in central Australia\, the 2013 nuclear exp
losion in North Korea and the 2007 Caldera collapse on Reunion Island.\n\n
I present my ongoing research to go beyond the point source approximation
where I seek new intelligent methods to simulate the length\, complexity a
nd duration of large earthquakes.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/56/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Luc Doucet
DTSTART:20190808T030000Z
DTEND:20190808T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/57
DESCRIPTION:Title: Formation of the early continental lithosphere - the m
essage from non-traditional stable isotopes\nby Luc Doucet as part of
ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Ja
eger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus
.\n\nAbstract\nThe Earth’s earliest continental lithosphere comprises tw
o components: a dominantly felsic continental crust and a cratonic lithosp
heric mantle. However\, whether those result from a process of differentia
tion from the primitive mantle or are two distinct components deposited\,
possibly hundreds of millions of years later\, is still unknown. Metal sta
ble isotope ratios are sensitive to magmatic processes but compared to rad
iogenic isotope ratios that have been widely used for the past decades to
track crust-mantle differentiation\, stable isotopes do not evolve with ti
me. As such\, metal isotope ratios do not require a priori knowledge of th
e ages of the different terrestrial reservoirs and are direct witnesses of
geological processes. They can be used for direct comparison between the
mantle and the continental crust without age correction.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/57/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Kasper van Wijk (University of Auckland)
DTSTART:20190822T030000Z
DTEND:20190822T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/58
DESCRIPTION:Title: Remote sensing of the elastic properties of solids: a
journey from seismology to laser ultrasound (and back)\nby Kasper van
Wijk (University of Auckland) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Scie
nces school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Sc
hool of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nSeismic waves allo
w us to make inferences about the properties of the Earth in places we can
not directly sample. In doing so\, we depend on our understanding of the i
n situ elastic properties of rock. One of the goals in The Physical Acoust
ics Lab is to improve this understanding with laser-based ultrasonic measu
rements under high pressure and temperature. As we have been developing th
is technology\, many intriguing applications beside rock physics emerged a
long the way. Part of this presentation will be devoted to some of these a
pplications\, including seismology on an apple\, photoacoustic medical ima
ging\, and some adventures in the physics of ice.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/58/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Nicholas Thouveny (Universite d'Aix Marseilles)
DTSTART:20190820T013000Z
DTEND:20190820T023000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/59
DESCRIPTION:Title: Cosmogenic 10Be and paleomagnetic records of the Earth
’s magnetic field history : news and views\nby Nicholas Thouveny (Un
iversite d'Aix Marseilles) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Science
s school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Schoo
l of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nRecords of paleomagne
tic activity (relative paleointensity\, RPI) and cosmogenic Beryllium prod
uction (authigenic 10Be/9Be ratio) can be reconstruc
ted from ocean sediment sequences (deposited at rates of 2 to 20 cm/kyr).
These data can in turn be used to identify Geomagnetic dipole lows (GDL) a
ssociated with reversals of earth's magnetic field and geomagnetic excursi
ons. 10Be production is enhanced (quasi-doubled) during both po
larity reversals (e.g. the B/M transition at ca 772 ka) and excursions (e.
g. the Laschamp event at 41 ka). Intercomparison of the two techniques has
identified stratigraphic offsets (of a few cm to several dm) between the
two expressions of a given GDL. This finding impacts the inferred precisio
n/reliability of paleomagnetic markers for intercorrelation and dating of
sedimentary archives.\n\nThe calibration of 10Be/9Be
records using empirical and theoretical relationships between cosmogenic
nuclide production and the geomagnetic dipole moment values\, allows us to
produce dipole moment records independent of RPI sedimentary paleomagneti
c records. These provide useful time series of past geomagnetic moment acr
oss reversals and excursions\, and offer a reliable pacing for the Earth
’s geomagnetic dynamo\, opening perspectives on the secular to millenial
decay of the modern geomagnetic field.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/59/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Taimoor Sohail
DTSTART:20190917T060000Z
DTEND:20190917T070000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/60
DESCRIPTION:Title: Linking turbulent convection to large-scale ocean dyna
mics\nby Taimoor Sohail as part of ANU Research School of Earth Scienc
es school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Scho
ol of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nConvection is a proc
ess through which changes in buoyancy drive fluid motion. Convection is a
ubiquitous process and can be observed everywhere from boiling a saucepan
to air conditioning. Convection is equally common in the ocean\, and occur
s at (extremely) small length and time scales. However\, this small-scale
turbulent convection can also drive large-scale circulation and dynamics i
n the ocean\, impacting the ocean’s response to climatic changes. The in
terplay between buoyancy-driven convection and other sources of energy to
the ocean\, including winds and tides\, also remains uncertain.\n\nThe pri
mary bottleneck inhibiting research into ocean convection is the availabil
ity of computational resources. Current large-scale ocean models are able
to resolve flow processes from ∼10 km to ∼104 km in scale. Processes w
hich exist at length scales smaller than ∼10 km are approximated (parame
terised) in these ocean models. Therefore\, convection\, which occurs at t
he millimetre scale\, is largely approximated.\n\nThe aim of this work is
to investigate the impact of convection on large-scale ocean dynamics and
to interrogate the accuracy of convective parameterisations in large-scale
ocean models. In order to accurately represent convection\, we use a firs
t-of-its-kind numerical model of the Southern Ocean\, known as a Direct Nu
merical Simulation (DNS). The DNS is high-resolution and resolves all scal
es of flow\, from small-scale turbulence to basin-scale dynamics. With a f
ocus on the Southern Ocean\, we use the DNS to address long-standing quest
ions about the interactions between small-scale ocean processes and large-
scale dynamics\, as well as the interplay between various sources of energ
y into the ocean.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/60/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Guillermo Diaz-Pulido
DTSTART:20190924T030000Z
DTEND:20190924T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/61
DESCRIPTION:Title: Calcification of coralline algae in coral reefs: Mecha
nisms\, patterns and environmental controls\nby Guillermo Diaz-Pulido
as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture
held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU A
cton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe crustose coralline algae are a group of calc
ifying red algae that deposit calcium carbonate in the form of high-magnes
ium calcite\, and thanks to the formation of calcifying skeletons\, they p
lay important roles in the framework construction and ecology of coral ree
fs. Coralline algae have a very long evolutionary history (>139 mya)\, but
recent environmental anthropogenic stressors\, such as ocean acidificatio
n threaten their persistence in tropical and temperate reefs. In this talk
\, I will discuss recent advances in the knowledge of the process of calci
fication (biomineralization) in tropical coralline algae\, and the influen
ce of the environment on the growth and calcification rates and mineralogi
cal composition in these algae\, particularly in the Great Barrier Reef (G
BR). I will also give an overview of recent projects currently underway in
the GBR and the Caribbean in collaboration with researchers from the Rese
arch School of Earth Sciences (ANU\, Ulrike Troitzsch). This research is c
ritical for advancing our understanding of the influence of human activiti
es on the ecology and functional roles of coralline algae in benthic marin
e ecosystems.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/61/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Patrick De Dekker (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20190926T030000Z
DTEND:20190926T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/62
DESCRIPTION:Title: Climatic evolution in Australia spanning human occupan
cy over the last 55\,000 years\nby Patrick De Dekker (Research School
of Earth Sciences\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences
school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School
of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nFollowing on from Marin
e Isotopic Stage 4 that saw\, over the period of 71-59 ka BP\, a significa
nt sea level drop (~100 m)\, low sea-surface temperatures and dry as well
as glacial conditions on land\, Australia registered wet conditions again\
, but eventually progressively entered into a glacial phase. By then\, hum
ans had arrived on this large continent and a bit later the megafauna prog
ressively became extinct. During those last 55 millennia\, Australia and i
ts surrounding seas went through significant and critical climatic changes
. This presentation aims at describing in detail those events\, based prin
cipally on the high-resolution record of two marine cores located offshore
the southern Australian margin\, and that are then compared with known ev
ents on land.\n\nParticular interest is placed on the period that spans th
e Local Last Glacial Maximum (LLGM)\, the extent of which thus far had bee
n poorly defined in the Australian region. Emphasis is placed on the perio
d spanning the 34 to 14 ka period to demonstrate that the LGM was not alwa
ys extremely dry and cold\, that people were able to live in inland Austra
lia as water existed in places\, despite generally cold conditions. I will
estimate using a series of ten maps - at 2 ka intervals over the 34-14 ka
period - the waxing and waning of oceanic fronts such as the Subtropical
and Subantarctic Fronts\, link sea-surface temperatures (SST) with periods
of glacial extension in the Australian Alps and Tasmania\, as well as the
South Island of New Zealand\, and the extent of the Leeuwin Current down
to south of Australia\, the latter current being a direct heat export of t
he Indo Pacific Warm Pool north of Australia. For this I will use a number
of proxies obtained form the 2 cores. I intend also discussing a major ev
ent that occurred a bit after 50 ka that saw significant and rapid tempera
ture changes at sea.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/62/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Rob Sherrell (Rutgers University)
DTSTART:20191003T030000Z
DTEND:20191003T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/63
DESCRIPTION:Title: Melting ice shelves and iron-controlled primary produc
tivity in the Amundsen Sea\, West Antarctica\nby Rob Sherrell (Rutgers
University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school semin
ar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sci
ences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nAntarctic shelf regions provide iro
n (Fe) to otherwise Fe-limited Southern Ocean ecosystems. Variations in ec
osystem productivity among the various Antarctic shelf regions appear to b
e related to glacial meltwater input. Observations in the Amundsen Sea du
ring the ASPIRE program of 2010-11 show that the strong outflow from the c
avity under the Dotson Ice Shelf\, at 150-400m depth\, contains about 2% m
eltwater\, and high dissolved and particulate Fe concentrations. The distr
ibution of Fe in the adjacent Amundsen Sea Polynya (ASP) suggests that the
injection of Fe into the upper water column from the cavities of the Dots
on and neighboring ice shelves contributes to the high productivity of the
ASP. However\, observations and modeling suggest that Fe availability lim
its rates of bio-production during at least part of the bloom season.\n\n
Recent high-resolution modeling (validated by field observations) conclude
d that carbon flux in the polynya depends on Fe delivered by Dotson cavity
outflow\, but also on a flux of comparable magnitude from the coastal cur
rent. This current delivers material from other ice shelf cavities located
to the east\, but with different seasonal timing from cavity input. ASPI
RE measurements suggest that dissolved Fe carried into the Dotson cavity f
rom shelf sediment sources may account for the dissolved Fe content of the
Dotson outflow. There is thus no requirement for significant soluble Fe f
rom glacial melting within the cavity. However\, the very high suspended
particle content of the outflow suggests that sediment resuspension within
the cavity or continental subglacial melt injections at the grounding lin
e may also be sources of Fe at this location.\n\nThe role of glacial melti
ng may be in physically driving the overturning circulation within the cav
ity (the “meltwater pump”) that allows Fe from sedimentary sources to
be injected into the upper water column\, where it can fuel intense blooms
. Distinguishing between mechanisms controlling Fe flux is critical to eva
luating links between ongoing climate change and Antarctic shelf productiv
ity. The very recent IPCC Special Report tells us that Antarctic ice melte
d three times faster in the decade ending 2016 than in the previous decade
. However\, more melting does not necessarily mean more productivity in th
e ASP\; numerical modeling of future scenarios suggests that changing sea
ice seasonality will play a countering role.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/63/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Charles Lineweaver and Haiyang Wang
DTSTART:20190502T040000Z
DTEND:20190502T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/64
DESCRIPTION:Title: The bulk elemental composition of the Earth and Sun wi
th uncertainties: what can this comparison tell us about the composition o
f rocky exoplanets?\nby Charles Lineweaver and Haiyang Wang as part of
ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in J
aeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campu
s.\n\nAbstract\nWe have performed the most detailed and up-to-date compari
son of the bulk elemental composition of the Earth and Sun by comparing te
rrestrial rocks with meteorite and solar photospheric compositions. This
comparison yields a wealth of information about the way the Earth formed (
Wang\, Lineweaver & Ireland 2017\, Wang\, Lineweaver & Ireland 2019). We p
resent the best fit linear volatility trend as a function of condensation
temperatures that can be used as a point of reference to understand the re
lationships between rocky planet and host star compositions. The material
that formed the Earth did not experience temperatures above 1391 ± 15 K.
\n\nThe Sun has 10 times more of the element mercury than previously thoug
ht. We also derive the fractional distribution of carbon and oxygen betwee
n volatile and refractory components ( f_vol\, f_ref ). For carbon we find
(0.91\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/64/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Louis Moresi (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20190509T040000Z
DTEND:20190509T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/65
DESCRIPTION:Title: Numerical Modelling of Subduction zones\nby Louis
Moresi (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU) as part of ANU Research S
chool of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar
Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\
nNumerical models of subduction zones have advanced to the point where we
can consider how to move beyond the notion of simple conceptual model tow
ards something that we could call a simulation. This requires a process of
data assimilation to tune generic models so that they can address questio
ns regardin a specific location and time but\, of course\, it also demands
that the forwards models have sufficient predictive power that they can a
ctually address the observations directly.\n\nIn this talk I will give an
overview of recent time-dependent modelling developments in 3D by members
of the Underworld geodynamics group and how they lead to a view of subduct
ion zone dynamics that differs markedly from the classical\, static "textb
ook” cross sections. \n\nHigher resolution models are possible in 2D and
these have considerable predictive power in regions away from slab edges
or other significant along-strike variations in strength or buoyancy. I wi
ll discuss how these models can be used to better understand the state of
stress and seismicity in slabs and how this relates to another oversimplif
ication in the textbook model.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/65/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Jody Webster (University of Sydney)
DTSTART:20190516T040000Z
DTEND:20190516T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/66
DESCRIPTION:Title: The evolution of the Great Barrier Reef: a decade of p
rogress & future directions\nby Jody Webster (University of Sydney) as
part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture h
eld in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Act
on campus.\n\nAbstract\nPredicting how the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) will r
espond in the face of future global climate changes is both poorly constra
ined and controversial. This relates to our incomplete understanding of ho
w reef systems respond to environmental changes but also the lack of basel
ine data — particularly on centennial to millennial time scales. The rec
ent declines in coral coverage across much of the GBR in the past 30 years
\, along with the massive bleaching and mortality following the 2016 and 2
017 events\, has brought these issues around coral reef resilience/demise
into sharp focus. The study of the evolution of the GBR over past 500-600
ka can provide unique insights about how this iconic reef system responded
to abrupt and major environmental changes over a range of spatio-temporal
scales. Over the past decade considerable progress has been made in the a
nalysis of new and existing fossil coral reef cores\, including those reco
vered from the edge of continental shelf of the GBR\, in water depths betw
een 50 to 130 m by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedi
tion 325 (Great Barrier Reef Environmental Changes). Together\, these core
s are revealing exciting information about past sea level\, climate and en
vironmental changes but also crucial new insights into how the GBR respond
ed to these perturbations. In this seminar\, I will present a synthesis of
all available geomorphic\, sedimentologic\, biologic\, geochemical\, dati
ng and numerical stratigraphic modeling information. I will discuss the na
ture and timing of the reef initiation and demise events\, while documenti
ng the corresponding changes in reef communities\, growth rates and paleoe
nvironmental conditions at each major stage of the GBR’s 500-600 kyr his
tory. Finally\, I will also highlight the exciting potential of the next m
ajor IODP coral reef drilling project - Expedition 389 (Hawaiian Drowned R
eefs) off the island of Hawai’i likely to be scheduled in the current ph
ase of IODP (2019-23).\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/66/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Alison Leitch
DTSTART:20190523T040000Z
DTEND:20190523T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/67
DESCRIPTION:Title: The Significance of Serpentine\nby Alison Leitch a
s part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture
held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Ac
ton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe mineral serpentine is the result of low-grade
metamorphic reactions between ultramafic rocks and water. Given that the
rocky envelopes of the terrestrial planets and moons are mainly ultramafic
\, and water is a common molecule\, especially on the outside of these bod
ies\, serpentine assumes a position of significance. The production of ser
pentine is associated with the existence of organic molecules on asteroids
\, and the origin of life. On the Earth\, it is linked to magnetic anomali
es on the sea floor\, it lubricates subduction zones\, and contributes in
a major way to chemical recycling of water and other elements. It creates
aquifers in regions short of surface water\, and the reaction is proposed
as a mechanism of carbon sequestration. In my research in the World Herita
ge listed Bay of Islands Ophiolite in Newfoundland\, I have located spring
s of alkaline water using magnetic surveys\, based on the assumption that
local serpentinization produces magnetite. But does it?\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/67/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Vasileios Chatzaras (University of Sydney)
DTSTART:20190530T040000Z
DTEND:20190530T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/68
DESCRIPTION:Title: Rheological structure of plate boundary strike-slip fa
ults\nby Vasileios Chatzaras (University of Sydney) as part of ANU Res
earch School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1
Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAb
stract\nThe boundaries of tectonic plates cover ~15% of Earth’s surface
and constitute areas of significant natural hazards\, including earthquake
s. As ~40% of Earth’s population lives along plate boundaries\, it is cr
itical to understand what aspects of lithospheric deformation control eart
hquakes in interplate settings. This talk will address how mantle-crust in
teractions may affect the rheology of the deep sections of strike-slip pla
te boundaries.\n\nI will present geological data from three field areas: 1
) the San Andreas fault system in the USA\, 2) the Baja California shear z
one in Mexico\, and 3) the Bogota Peninsula shear zone in New Caledonia. A
nalysis of upper mantle and lower crust xenoliths from the San Andreas fau
lt and the Baja California shear zone\, indicates that differential stress
remains constant\, and low\, with depth. This result is not consistent wi
th the typical lithospheric strength profiles constructed from deformation
experiments. Data from the Bogota Peninsula shear zone\, which comprises
the exhumed mantle section of an oceanic transform zone\, indicate spatial
and temporal variations in stress. These variations are interpreted to be
the result of imposed localization\, rather than intrinsic localization p
roduced by strain weakening. Imposed localization is induced by the mechan
ical interaction between the upper\, “brittle” part of the oceanic lit
hosphere\, and the underlying viscously deforming upper mantle\, during ea
rthquake rupture. The results from the three study areas indicate that cru
st and lithospheric mantle act together as an integrated system\, and allo
w us to build a picture of earthquake-related deformation in the upper man
tle during the seismic cycle.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/68/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:David Robinson (Geoscience Australia)
DTSTART:20190404T020000Z
DTEND:20190404T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/69
DESCRIPTION:Title: Science and Technology in Indonesian Disaster Manageme
nt: Ten Years of Indonesia – Australia Collaboration\nby David Robin
son (Geoscience Australia) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Science
s school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Schoo
l of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nIndonesia is one of t
he most disaster prone countries due to its hazard profile and high popula
tion exposure. Since 2008\, the Australian and Indonesian governments hav
e partnered to increase the use of science and technology in Indonesia to
support decision making in disaster management. This talk will highlight h
ow the partnership has strengthened the evidence base for informed disaste
r management by improving:\n\n- Hazard information for earthquake\, tsunam
i\, volcano and flood\;\n- Spatial data for exposure (population\, buildin
g\, roads and infrastructure)\; and\n- Decision support tools such as InaS
AFE that assist disaster managers to combine hazard and exposure data to i
nform disaster response and management.\n\nThe talk will also discuss the
vital role of the Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU as a delivery pa
rtner.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/69/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Karol Czarnota (Geoscience Australia)
DTSTART:20190411T030000Z
DTEND:20190411T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/70
DESCRIPTION:Title: Billion-year stability of cratonic edges controls loca
tion of global sediment-hosted metals\nby Karol Czarnota (Geoscience A
ustralia) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\
n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Scienc
es\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nSustainable development and transition
to a clean-energy economy is placing ever-increasing demand on global sup
plies of base metals (copper\, lead\, zinc and nickel). Alarmingly\, this
demand is outstripping the present rate of discovery of new deposits\, wit
h significant shortfalls forecast in the coming decades. Thus\, to maintai
n growth in global living standards\, dramatic improvements in exploration
success rate are an essential goal of the geoscience community. Significa
nt quantities of base metals have been deposited by low-temperature hydrot
hermal circulation within sedimentary basins over the last 2 billion years
. Despite over a century of research\, relationships between these deposit
s and geological structures remain enigmatic. Here\, for the first time\,
we show that 85% of sediment-hosted base metals\, including all giant depo
sits (> 10 megatonnes of metal)\, occur within 200 km of the edges of thic
k lithosphere\, mapped using surface wave tomography and a parameterisatio
n for anelasticity at seismic frequencies. This remarkable observation imp
lies long-term lithospheric edge stability and a genetic link between deep
Earth processes and near-surface hydrothermal mineral systems. This resul
t provides an unprecedented global framework for identifying fertile regio
ns for targeted mineral exploration\, reducing the search-space for new de
posits by two-thirds on this lithospheric thickness criterion alone.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/70/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Clive Neal (Notre Dame University)
DTSTART:20190417T040000Z
DTEND:20190417T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/71
DESCRIPTION:Title: Understanding the Eruptions of Submarine Large Igneous
Provinces and Their Effects on the Environment\nby Clive Neal (Notre
Dame University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school s
eminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth
Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe Ontong Java Plateau (OJP)\,
Shatsky Rise (SR)\, and the Kerguelen Plateau (KP) represent three Large
Igneous Provinces (LIPs) located in oceanic settings. The basement lavas h
ave been investigated through scientific ocean drilling and\, in the case
of the OJP\, fieldwork on the emergent obducted portions of the plateau in
the Solomon Islands. Such studies have shown that these three LIPs have v
ery different characteristics. For example\, the OJP and KP appear to have
formed through punctuated magmatic events\, whereas SR was formed by one
relatively long and drawn out event. The formation of oceanic LIPs has\,
in many (but not all) cases been synchronous with oceanic anoxic events (O
AEs). This talk focuses on three oceanic plateaus to emphasize the debate
surrounding the environmental impact such LIPs may have had\, and also hig
hlights the contribution of scientific ocean drilling to our knowledge of
oceanic LIP formation and evolution.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/71/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Caroline Ummenhofer (Wood Hole Oceanographic Institute)
DTSTART:20190214T020000Z
DTEND:20190214T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/72
DESCRIPTION:Title: Changes in the width of the Indo-Pacific tropical rain
belt from climate model simulations and palaeo proxy records\nby Caro
line Ummenhofer (Wood Hole Oceanographic Institute) as part of ANU Researc
h School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Semi
nar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstra
ct\nThe Indo-Pacific tropical rain belt (TRB) marks the high-rainfall regi
on in the tropics traversed by the seasonal migration of the intertropical
convergence zone. In particular\, changes in the position of the northwar
d and southward edges of the TRB can have considerable impacts on natural
and human systems across the Indo-Pacific warm pool and adjacent land area
s. Using state-of-the-art climate model simulations conducted as part of t
he Last Millennium Ensemble with the Community Earth System Model\, we eva
luate variations in the width of the Indo-Pacific TRB over the last millen
nium (AD 850-1850). The climate model results complement a recent reconstr
uction of late Holocene variability of the Indo-Pacific TRB derived from p
recisely-dated stalagmites from cave KNI-51 in north-central Australia\, w
hose location make it very sensitive to decadal variations in the southern
edge of the TRB over the past 3\,000 years.\n\nIn the model simulations a
nd proxy-based records\, we identify multi-decadal to centennial periods w
hen the Indo-Pacific TRB expanded/contracted during the last millennium\,
as indicated by symmetric strengthening/weakening of summer monsoons in th
e Northern and Southern Hemispheres (the East Asian summer monsoon in Chin
a and Australian summer monsoon). Prolonged periods of an expanded TRB coi
ncide with characteristic Indo-Pacific sea surface temperatures resembling
the negative phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation\, reminiscent
of conditions seen during an expanded Hadley Circulation in recent decades
. Synthesis of terrestrial and marine palaeo proxy records provides a test
of the roles played by internal variability and external forcing for spec
ific TRB expansion/contraction periods observed in the palaeoclimate recor
d.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/72/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Cornel DeRonde (GNS)
DTSTART:20190221T020000Z
DTEND:20190221T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/73
DESCRIPTION:Title: Seafloor hydrothermal systems of intraoceanic arcs
\nby Cornel DeRonde (GNS) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences
school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School
of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nScientific discovery o
f submarine hydrothermal systems associated with intraoceanic arcs\, and t
o a lesser degree backarcs\, has been continuous and largely systematic si
nce the first methodical survey in 1999 of hydrothermal plumes discharging
from volcanoes of the southern Kermadec arc. Around 150 volcanoes have si
nce been mapped for their bathymetry and plume emissions.\n\nMost efforts
have been focused along the Kermadec\, Tofua and Mariana arcs\, and to a l
esser extent the Izu-Bonin arc. The introduction of deepsea vehicles\, su
ch as manned submersibles\, ROVs and AUVs\, has facilitated more focused s
tudies on these arc hydrothermal systems\, placing any mineralization in a
n appropriate geophysical\, geological\, structural and geochemical contex
t\, and at a scale that is applicable to ore deposit formation. However\,
only about 30 have ever been sampled\, or mapped in high resolution\, by
AUVs or ROVs. Recently\, drilling by IODP of Brothers volcano of the Kerm
adec arc has enabled the 3rd dimension of one of these arc volcanoes to be
explored\, providing insight into the roots of the hydrothermal system an
d the distribution and transport of metals through the volcano.\n\nThe maj
ority (~75%) of submarine arc hydrothermal systems are magmatic-hydrotherm
al\, dominated by magmatic volatiles and acid-sulfate fluids (pH of ≤3).
Disproportionation reactions involving SO2 and H2S are common\, with a re
lated mineral assemblage of predominantly native sulfur\, polymorphs of si
lica\, natroalunite and pyrite (± kaolinite ± bornite) seen on the seafl
oor. But these systems are not associated with massive sulfide mineraliza
tion\, with evidence suggesting that they form brines and/or deposit ‘ma
gmatic salt’ that is sequestered inside the volcano.\n\nSystems that are
host to ‘black smoker’ vents (with fluid temperatures ≤320°C) and
massive sulfide mineralization account for ~25% of the hydrothermal system
s surveyed\, many of which are rich in Cu and Au. These water/rock-domina
ted systems have a related seafloor alteration assemblage of smectite\, il
lite\, barite\, chlorite and kaolinite with sulfides dominated by pyrite\,
sphalerite and chalcopyrite. These systems appear to be older that the ma
gmatic-hydrothermal ones and are associated with seawater-dominated hydrot
hermal circulation cells. Evidence from IODP drilling and 228Ra/226Ra stud
ies on barite suggest remobilization of metals is occurring from depth in
these systems. The majority of massive sulfide mineralization along arcs
is associated with caldera volcanoes\, suggesting a causal relationship.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/73/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Gretchen Benedix and Phil Bland
DTSTART:20190228T020000Z
DTEND:20190228T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/74
DESCRIPTION:Title: Crater Counting using Machine Learning\nby Gretche
n Benedix and Phil Bland as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences
school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School
of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nCrater counting provide
s a relative timeline of the geological history of a planetary surface [1]
. If an absolute age can be accurately attributed to a surface\, the crate
r counting timeline can be calibrated\, providing specific age information
for a variety of features. This is available for the moon due to the know
n locations of the Apollo samples [1].\n\nThe accuracy of a determined age
by crater counting is dependent on the ability to discern all the craters
in a given region. Over the last 50 years\, the spatial resolution of pla
netary surface datasets acquired by orbiting spacecraft has been improving
and we can now see the surfaces of other planets at sub m scales. This le
vel of resolution has opened up a new way to refine the ages of surfaces.
But current crater counting techniques rely on individual manual counts. F
or Mars and the Moon\, there are databases of manually counted craters [2\
, 3] down to a minimum size of 1km. The ability to make full use of the av
ailable high definition imagery datasets\, and count crater sizes to 10s m
diameters\, would allow determination of the most recent resurfacing epis
ode. But crater number scales as a power law. Those datasets are many orde
rs of magnitude larger – inaccessible to manual counting. To access them
we need to automate the process.\n\nA number of studies have addressed au
tomated crater detection [4]. None have achieved the ultimate goal of coun
ting and measuring craters in a reliable and timely fashion. Approaches i
nclude edge detection\, Hough transforms\, and now applying Machine Learni
ng. Although progress has been made\, it is surprisingly difficult to tea
ch a computer to recognize the subtle variation in crater morphology and s
izes as a common landform\, and count and characterize them. This is espec
ially true for Martian craters because of the plethora of morphology types
they exhibit. No automated crater counting study has yet progressed to th
e point where data output has been used to deliver geologically meaningful
information\n\nIn previous work we described our technique\, using superv
ised machine language\, [5\,6] in some detail. Here we discuss the evoluti
on of the technique. We also show that results are indistinguishable from
manual count datasets for craters >1km in diameter\, and that the algorit
hm is able to recognize craters down to 10s of m across on Mars\, allowing
us to generate isochrons for surfaces on Mars (or any other cratered plan
etary surface using appropriate training sets)\, at ultimate resolution\,
routinely.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/74/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Andrew Glikson (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20190307T020000Z
DTEND:20190307T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/75
DESCRIPTION:Title: Climate tipping points: implications of paleo-climate
records\nby Andrew Glikson (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU) a
s part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture
held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Ac
ton campus.\n\nAbstract\nImportant lessons regarding current and future cl
imate change trends can be derived from the paleo-climate record. Particul
arly from abrupt events such as the Oldest dryas (~16 kyr)\, Older dryas (
~14 kyr)\, Younger dryas (12.9–11.7 kyr) and the ~8.2 kyr Laurentian ice
melt event all of which occurred over time-scales of a few decades to a f
ew years. IPCC model projections to 2100 and 2300 are examined\, taking ac
count of penetration of air masses through the weakened jet stream boundar
y and amplifying feedbacks from land\, ocean and melting ice sheets. The l
inear temperature progressions presented in these projections have been qu
estioned by Hansen et al. (2016) who suggest that high rates of Greenland
and West Antarctic mass loss may drive significant transient cooling event
s (stadials). Already a slowdown in the Atlantic mid-Ocean overturning cir
culation (AMOC) and exceptional growth of a cold water region south and ea
st of Greenland are observed. Hansen et al.’s projections suggest severa
l decades-long stadial cooling of - ~3oC\, which would markedly affect tem
peratures in Europe and North America. While cooling would temporarily red
uce ocean temperatures in sub-polar regions and possibly beyond\, warming
would continue in tropical and continental regions\, leading to large temp
erature gradients\, storminess and an increase in extreme weather events.\
n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/75/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Paul Tregoning (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU)
DTSTART:20190314T020000Z
DTEND:20190314T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/76
DESCRIPTION:Title: What have we learned about Earth from space gravity mi
ssions?\nby Paul Tregoning (Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU) a
s part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture
held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Ac
ton campus.\n\nAbstract\nIn 2002 the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experime
nt (GRACE) mission was launched\, with the specific aim of measuring Earth
’s gravity field and its variation with time\, with unprecedented accura
cy. The mission was an outstanding success\, with impacts in a broad range
of disciplines including oceanography\, cryospheric science\, hydrology (
including groundwater) and solid Earth geophysics. Temporal changes in th
e gravity field are caused by variations in the distribution of mass on an
d within Earth. For the most part\, this relates to water\, with melting o
f polar ice sheets\, precipitation\, evaporation/transpiration\, droughts
and floods causing water resources to change through time. The primary rea
son why the GRACE mission can detect such changes is because of the highly
precise\, inter-satellite measurements of changes in distance between the
two spacecraft as the orbit the Earth.\n\nWe have developed software at R
SES to analyse the measurements made onboard the satellites in order to es
timate the temporal changes in the gravity field and we can now generate c
hanges in water stores at a sub-monthly temporal resolution. In this prese
ntation\, I will describe the trials and tribulations of embarking on such
an ambitious project and some of the unique aspects of our analysis appro
ach that give our results a competitive edge over international GRACE solu
tions. Recent insights into polar mass balance changes and using space gra
vity to predict vegetation state will also be discussed as well as the ant
icipated data and results of the GRACE Follow-On mission that was launched
in May 2018.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/76/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Balz Kamber (QUT)
DTSTART:20190321T020000Z
DTEND:20190321T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/77
DESCRIPTION:Title: Lessons from the Sudbury impact structure for the Hade
an Earth\nby Balz Kamber (QUT) as part of ANU Research School of Earth
Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Resear
ch School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nWe know littl
e about the Hadean Earth but most agree that the entire inner Solar System
was pummeled by impacting bolides. None of the terrestrial Hadean impact
basins are preserved but by analogy with our neighbours\, the Earth must h
ave featured basins of up to thousands of kilometers across. Is there any
hope of inferring processes that would have operated from studying the few
much younger remaining large impact structures on Earth?\n\n \n\nOf these
\, the Chicxulub basin is the best preserved but covered by a km of carbon
ate. Geophysical data define size and architecture of the basin but in ter
ms of access to rocks\, the situation is disappointing with only very few
drill cores available. In the context of the Hadean\, a further issue is t
hat the asteroid struck a carbonate platform\, unlikely to have been a maj
or rock type in the Hadean. In this presentation\, I will instead present
recent work on the 1.85 Ga Sudbury basin. Only a remnant of the originally
>150 km basin is preserved but fortuitously\, this it is folded into a sy
nform giving complete access across the entire stratigraphy. The base of t
he meltsheet is also mineralised with Ni-Cu sulphides and the drill core a
rchive eclipses what is available for all other impact structures taken to
gether.\n\n \n\nThe impact structure comprises the shock-metamorphosed bas
ement\, the crystallised melt sheet and the lithologically complex crater
fill. The average composition of the ca. 2.5 km thick meltsheet is a quart
z-diorite\, probably too evolved to serve as a direct analogue for the Had
ean. However\, the key interest is the unexpectedly thick (1.8 km) crater
fill. The lower part of this is composed of very complex breccias and tuff
s that formed when seawater flowed onto the super-heated meltsheet. The th
icker upper part contains volcanic rocks which imply sustained magmatism [
1]. I will postulate that the insulation of the meltsheet with a breccia r
oof was key to drive the internal differentiation. Thus\, if the Hadean Ea
rth sported a liquid hydrosphere\, differentiated meltsheets could be the
source of Hadean zircons [2].\n\n \n\nThe crater fill breccias and tuffs d
efine interesting chemostratigraphic trends [3]. The high field strength e
lement evolution clearly indicates that the crater rim remained intact dur
ing the deposition of the entire formation. Several volatile metals (e.g.\
, Pb\, Sb\, Zn) are depleted by > 95% in the lowermost fill\, suggesting t
hat the impact resulted in a net loss of volatile species\, supporting the
idea of “impact erosion”. I will discuss new Zn-isotope data (collabo
ration with Prof. R. Schoenberg)\, supporting volatile element loss from t
he impact plasma plume.\n\n \n\nIn the upper crater fill\, reduced C conte
nts reach 0.5-1 wt%\, where δ13C becomes constant at -31‰\, indicating
a biogenic origin. Elevated Y/Ho and U/Th require that the ash interacted
with seawater. Redox-sensitive trace metal chemostratigraphies (e.g. V an
d Mo) suggest that the crater basin was anoxic and possibly euxinic and be
came inhabited by plankton\, whose rain-down led to a reservoir effect in
certain elements. Importantly\, hydrothermal systems were active in the cr
ater\, producing volcanogenic massive sulphides. These hydrothermal system
s evidently did not require mid-ocean ridges and implicitly\, the operatio
n of plate tectonics. Thus\, on the early Earth\, seawater-filled impact r
ing basins were probably nutrient-rich “ponds” in which chemical exper
iments could proceed in isolation from the wider ocean.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/77/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:John Moores (York University)
DTSTART:20190328T020000Z
DTEND:20190328T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/78
DESCRIPTION:Title: Doors held ajar in storms: Insights into Atmospheric P
lanetary Science\nby John Moores (York University) as part of ANU Rese
arch School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 S
eminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbs
tract\nOur spacecraft have taken us to visit and explore many stark and an
cient landscapes in the solar system. At first glance\, very little appear
s to have changed for billions of years\, but if we look to the atmosphere
we see a dynamism that belies active processes in the present era and tha
t hints at changes at and below the surface. In this talk\, we will procee
d through these open doors to explore the movement of dust\, ice and metha
ne in the hauntingly familiar environment of Mars. We will then travel fur
ther to more exotic planetary destinations such as Pluto. Past results wil
l be discussed along with future developments to explore the atmospheres o
f our solar system and beyond.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/78/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Matthew Huber (Purdue University)
DTSTART:20181011T030000Z
DTEND:20181011T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/79
DESCRIPTION:Title: The Miocene is the Future\nby Matthew Huber (Purdu
e University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school semi
nar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sc
iences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nTo better understand and predict f
uture climate change we often to look to past periods of global warmth as
analogues and testbeds for models. The Miocene (23 to 5 million years ago
) is probably the best analogue for the range of carbon dioxide concentrat
ions\, warming\, sea level rise\, and ice volume losses that we are appea
r to be largely committed to exploring in coming centuries. In my talk I
give an introduction to the data we have for this time period and compare
with climate model results. Emphasis will be placed on model failures and
what we can learn from them. The main result is that climate models subst
antially underpredict the sensitivity of the climate system in the Miocene
to the range of carbon dioxide concentrations (400-800ppm) that likely ch
aracterize our future.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/79/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Ronald Frost (University of Wyoming)
DTSTART:20181025T020000Z
DTEND:20181025T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/81
DESCRIPTION:Title: Geologic History Of The Wyoming Province\, One of the
Oldest Fragments of Crust in the World\nby Ronald Frost (University of
Wyoming) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\
n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Scienc
es\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe Wyoming province consists of Preca
mbrian rocks that are exposed in the Laramide uplifts in the Rocky Mountai
ns of Wyoming. The province records a long history with rocks dating back
to 3.4 billion years ago (Ga) and xenocrystic zircon grains dating to ca.
3.9 Ga. Lu/Hf ratios on some of the xenocrystic zircons indicate an ance
stry that goes back into the Hadean. The earliest granitic rocks at 3.4 G
a are tonalitic. Potassium-rich plutons\, indicative of granites derived
from crustal melting\, were emplaced 3.3 Ga\, indicating that evolved cont
inental crust in the Wyoming province had formed at that time. The majori
ty of the province is composed of variably deformed granitic plutons that
were emplaced 2.85 Ga\, 2.7 Ga.\, and 2.62 Ga. Like Phanerozoic continent
al arc magmas\, these plutons contain contributions from both continental
and juvenile components. The formation of early continental crust in Wyom
ing province may explain why it records the earliest Himalayan-type orogen
y on Earth at 2.7 Ga. It is possible that the Wyoming province and the Sl
ave province\, which is now located in northern Canada\, formed from the s
ame Hadean-Paleoarchean craton that was rifted apart around 2.86 Ga\, but
correlation with other Archean provinces that contain Hadean roots is more
speculative.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/81/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Haojia Abby Ren (National Taiwan University)
DTSTART:20181108T020000Z
DTEND:20181108T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/83
DESCRIPTION:Title: Ocean Fertilization by Natural and Anthropogenic Nitro
gen Input in the Past and Present\nby Haojia Abby Ren (National Taiwan
University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school semin
ar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sci
ences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe availability of “fixed” nit
rogen limits the growth of marine phytoplankton in large part of the ocean
. It has been suggested that considerable changes in nitrogen inventory co
uld occur in the recent past or in the future\, which may change the ferti
lization of the ocean and drive significant changes in atmospheric carbon
dioxide. In this talk\, I will discuss two cases for changes in marine nit
rogen cycle across two different time scales. In the first case\, I will p
resent an 860\,000-yr sedimentary record of nitrogen isotope preserved wit
hin planktonic foraminifera shells in the South China Sea. The record demo
nstrates significant changes in N 2 fixation rate (the main input of bioav
ailable N in the ocean) which covaried with the rise and fall of sea level
over the past 8 glacial cycles. The N 2 fixation changes are best explain
ed as a response to changes in regional excess phosphorus supply due to se
a level-driven variations in shallow sediment denitrification associated w
ith the cyclic drowning and emergence of the continental shelves. This hyp
othesis is consistent with a glacial ocean that hosted globally lower rate
s of fixed N input and loss and a longer residence time for oceanic fixed
N—a “sluggish” ocean N budget during ice ages. In the second case\,
I will discuss a coral record of nitrogen isotopes of skeleton-bound organ
ic matter from Dongsha Atoll in the South China Sea\, which provide a test
of the hypothesis that anthropogenic atmospheric nitrogen has significant
ly augmented the nitrogen supply to the open surface ocean. In this record
\, we observe a decline in the 15 N/ 14 N of coral skeleton-bound organic
matter\, signaling increased deposition of anthropogenic atmospheric N on
the open ocean and its incorporation into plankton and in turn the corals
living on the atoll. The decrease began just several years before 2000 CE\
, decades later than predicted by other work\, and the amplitude of declin
e suggests that anthropogenic atmospheric N input is now 20±5% of the ann
ual N input to the surface ocean in this region\, less than two-thirds of
that estimated by models and analyses of nutrient ratio changes.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/83/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Simon Turner (Macquarie University)
DTSTART:20181115T020000Z
DTEND:20181115T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/84
DESCRIPTION:Title: Studies of water on Earth and in the asteroid belt
\nby Simon Turner (Macquarie University) as part of ANU Research School of
Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\,
Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nIt is i
ncreasingly accepted that the fast diffusion of water in glass renders mea
surements of melt inclusions suspect except in very small tephra. Therefor
e there is much interest in the use of water measurements in nominally anh
ydrous minerals such as clinopyroxene and application of a partition coeff
icient as an alternative means to estimate magmatic water contents. Having
experimentally determined appropriate partition coefficients we have cali
brated water measurements on the SHRIMP SI against both FTIR and Cameca 6f
measurements on independently analysed minerals. A detailed study of clin
opyroxenes from the Azores islands demonstrates the potential of this mine
ral to provide accurate estimates of magmatic water contents and shows tha
t the Azores islands reflect mantle wet-spots within an overall damp area
of the upper mantle. Analyses of clinopyroxene from sub-arc mantle xenolit
hs shows that the arc lithosphere retains significant amounts of water in
addition to an arc trace element signature. Clinopyroxene from continental
flood basalts suggest that these lavas have similar water contents to arc
lavas and could be derived from ancient sub-arc lithospheric domains. \n
\nIt has often been postulated that Earth’s water was at least in part\,
derived from carbonaceous chondrite meteorites\, many of which contain ab
undant evidence for aqueous alteration. However\, the age of this alterati
on is not well constrained and one recent model suggests that their parent
bodies are frozen mud balls. A suite of carbonaceous chondrites has been
analysed for U-series isotopes revealing extensive disequilibria that coul
d be explained by fluid movement within the last 1 Myr or less. This could
have been triggered by the impacts that broke these meteorites off their
parent bodies.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/84/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Tas an Ommen (Australian Antarctic Division)
DTSTART:20181129T020000Z
DTEND:20181129T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/85
DESCRIPTION:Title: A continuous ice core record of climate to beyond a mi
llion years\nby Tas an Ommen (Australian Antarctic Division) as part o
f ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in
Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton camp
us.\n\nAbstract\nIce cores from Antarctica\, Greenland and mountain glacie
rs have provided great insights into climate on timescales from seasonal t
o glacial and geographic scales from regional to global. The rich archive
of environmental tracers recorded in the snow makes ice cores arguably the
most powerful single recorder of past climate information. The oldest con
tinuous ice core record extends to 800 thousand years and comes from Dome
C in Antarctica. Drilling of this core was conducted by European EPICA con
sortium and was completed in 2004. This EPICA Dome C (EDC) core provides a
remarkable view of the climate of this late Pleistocene epoch\, with its
clear glacial cycles and 100 thousand year rhythm\, leading into the prese
nt Holocene epoch. This long record from the ice is tantalizingly close to
reaching into the mid-Pleistocene\, when glacial cycles reorganized from
41 thousand year pacing. Studies indicate that an ice core reaching to pos
sibly 1.3-1.5 million years is feasible in Antarctica. Several nations are
interested in pursuing this goal\, and the Australian Antarctic Program h
as committed to this project in the first half of the next decade. This ta
lk will outline the science behind the project\, the international landsca
pe and the status of national efforts.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/85/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Caroline Tiddy (University of South Australia)
DTSTART:20180927T040000Z
DTEND:20180927T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/87
DESCRIPTION:Title: Multi-faceted mineral exploration: something for every
one\nby Caroline Tiddy (University of South Australia) as part of ANU
Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger
1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\
nAbstract\nMineral exploration is known as a boom and bust industry. In bo
om times\, explorers make money\, drill\, get excited and some even direct
funds towards research to break into new frontiers such as exploration te
chnologies for application in buried\, prospective terranes. In bust times
\, explorers tighten their belts in every way possible and ride out the ma
rket storm. As a researcher in various aspects of mineral exploration\, I
feel the same. In boom times we can get research funding\, and we definite
ly get excited about the findings we make! In bust times\, we scramble to
keep our research going and be a shoulder for sad\, highly qualified taxi
drivers to cry on. The ups and downs of minerals-related research enthusia
sm means that as researchers\, we ourselves need to be dynamic and open to
exploring new avenues of research. As someone who started out as a metamo
rphic and structural geologist\, I am surprised to say that my main field
of research is now in regolith science. But\, all this work has the common
thread of progressing mineral exploration technologies.\n\nThis presentat
ion will be an overview of the diverse research in mineral exploration tha
t has been undertaken over the last 15 years as a collaboration between va
rious university\, government and industry organisations. We will start wi
th a new proposal of a Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic metamorphic core complex
architecture for the basement rocks in the Mount Woods Domain in the nort
hern Gawler Craton\, which has been a hot area of exploration for iron oxi
de-copper-gold deposits amongst other commodities. Less than 5% of basemen
t rocks are exposed in this terrane\, therefore the interpretation has bee
n derived from new detailed geophysical imagery. Such a new and significan
tly different model for this terrane impacts on its mineral systems prospe
ctivity assessment.\n\nFrom a regional scale and basement rock focus\, we
will move into research that demonstrates how signatures of buried mineral
isation may be expressed in the cover rocks that overlie prospective basem
ent rocks. Such signatures are the result of element transport via mechani
cal and/or chemical processes and are preserved within various media inclu
ding resistate mineral phases (e.g. monazite)\, sandstone and shale sequen
ces overlying known mineral occurrences\, pedogenic-carbonates (which need
to be distinguished from marine-carbonates!)\, and within biogeochemical
samples. The outcome of this research has been in the development of a wor
kflow for lithogeochemical characterisation of cover sequence materials. T
his workflow has potential for automation and incorporation into new drill
ing and analytical technologies that have been developed within the Deep E
xploration Technologies CRC\, and that will return real-time geochemical a
nd mineralogical data whilst drilling. And then there is MinEx CRC…\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/87/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Mike Coffin (University of Tasmania)
DTSTART:20181004T040000Z
DTEND:20181004T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/88
DESCRIPTION:Title: Volcanoes\, Iron\, and Phytoplankton in the Southern O
cean\nby Mike Coffin (University of Tasmania) as part of ANU Research
School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Semina
r Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract
\nPhytoplankton in the ocean supply half of the oxygen in Earth’s atmosp
here. Iron supply limits the growth of phytoplankton in the Southern Ocean
as well as elsewhere in the global ocean. Situated entirely within the an
emic Southern Ocean\, Australia’s only active volcanoes\, Heard and McDo
nald islands on the Kerguelen Plateau\, are among the world’s most activ
e hotspot volcanoes. Existing data show extensive blooms of phytoplankton
on the Plateau and the existence of fields of submarine volcanoes\, some o
f which appear to be active\, extending for several hundred kilometers awa
y from the islands. Data and samples acquired during RV Investigator voyag
e IN2016_V01 in January/February 2016 are testing the hypothesis that hydr
othermal activity driven by active submarine volcanoes in the Heard and Mc
Donald islands region fertilises surface waters with iron\, thereby enhanc
ing biological productivity beginning with phytoplankton.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/88/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:David Cooke (University of Tasmania)
DTSTART:20180921T033000Z
DTEND:20180921T043000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/90
DESCRIPTION:Title: Haddon Forrester King Lecture: Porphyry copper\, gold
and molybdenum deposits – new geochemical exploration methods to aid dis
covery\nby David Cooke (University of Tasmania) as part of ANU Researc
h School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Semi
nar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstra
ct\nIn the past decade\, significant research efforts have been devoted to
mineral chemistry studies to assist porphyry exploration. These activitie
s can be divided into two major fields of research: (1) porphyry indicator
minerals (PIMS)\, which aims to identify the presence of\, or potential f
or\, porphyry-style mineralization based on the chemistry of magmatic mine
rals such as plagioclase\, zircon and apatite\, or resistate hydrothermal
minerals such as magnetite\; and (2) porphyry vectoring and fertility tool
s (PVFTS)\, which use the chemical compositions of hydrothermal minerals s
uch as epidote\, chlorite and alunite to predict the likely direction and
distance to mineralized centres\, and the potential metal endowment of a m
ineral district. This new generation of exploration tools has been enabled
by advances in laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometr
y\, short wave length infrared data acquisition and data processing\, and
the increased availability of microanalytical techniques such as cathodolu
minescence. PVFTS and PIMS show considerable promise for porphyry explorat
ion\, and are starting to be applied to the diversity of environments that
host porphyry and epithermal deposits around the circum-Pacific region. I
ndustry has consistently supported development of these tools\, in the cas
e of PVFTS encouraged by several successful blind tests where deposit cent
res have successfully been predicted from distal propylitic settings. Indu
stry adoption is steadily increasing but is restrained by a lack of the ne
cessary analytical equipment and expertise in commercial laboratories.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/90/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Rebecca Metzler (Colgate University)
DTSTART:20180802T040000Z
DTEND:20180802T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/92
DESCRIPTION:Title: Exploring barnacle exoskeleton formation\nby Rebec
ca Metzler (Colgate University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sc
iences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research
School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nBarnacles are an
cient arthropods that\, as adults\, consist of a soft organism surrounded
by a hard\, often calcitic\, outer shell that the organism produces for pr
otection. While research has been done into the glue-like cement that barn
acles use to adhere to a variety of surfaces\, little is know about the fo
rmation processes of the barnacle exoskeleton. Here we present preliminary
data exploring the changes that occur as the barnacle cyprid undergoes me
tamorphosis to become a sessile barnacle with a mineralized exoskeleton. S
canning electron microscope (SEM) data in conjunction with confocal micros
copy data show the morphological and chemical changes the barnacle undergo
es within the first 48 hours following metamorphosis\, indicating initial
mineralization occurs during this period. In addition\, continuous confoca
l microscope imaging shows the barnacle undergoes growth that follows an a
pproximately logarithmic curve. Continuing experiments work to not only id
entify the initial mineral phase and mechanical properties\, but to also d
iscern how climate change will impact these properties.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/92/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Trevor Allen (Geoscience Australia)
DTSTART:20180809T040000Z
DTEND:20180809T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/94
DESCRIPTION:Title: The 2018 National Seismic Hazard Assessment for Austra
lia\nby Trevor Allen (Geoscience Australia) as part of ANU Research Sc
hool of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar
Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
Since the publication of the Global Seismic Hazard Assessment Project (GSH
AP) hazard map in 1999\, Australia has stood out as a region of high earth
quake hazard among its stable continental region (SCR) peers. But does thi
s assessment reflect our current understanding of earthquake processes and
seismic hazard in SCRs? From an Australian perspective\, the hazard map u
nderpinning the GSHAP traces its lineage back to the assessment of Gaull a
nd others (1990). This map was modified through a process of expert judgem
ent in response to significant Australian earthquakes (notably the M W 6.2
\, 6.3 and 6.6 1988 Tennant Creek sequence and the deadly 1989 M W 5.4 New
castle earthquake). The modified map\, developed in 1991\, underpins Stand
ards Australia’s structural design actions (AS1170.4–2007[R2018]) to t
his day.\n\nGeoscience Australia embarked on an update of the seismic haza
rd model for Australia through the National Seismic Hazard Assessment 2018
(NSHA18) project. The NSHA18 incorporates global best practice and eviden
ce-based science to develop an updated national-scale seismic hazard asses
sment. Estimates of hazard from the NSHA18 are significantly lower than se
ismic design values in the current earthquake loading standard at the 1/50
0-year annual exceedance probability level. The new assessment has challen
ged long-held notions of seismic hazard for Australia in both the seismolo
gical and engineering communities. Furthermore\, it underscores the challe
nges in developing national-scale seismic hazard assessments in slowly-def
orming regions like Australia. This talk will focus on enhancements made t
o modelling seismic hazard and what this might mean for the future or eart
hquake design in Australia.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/94/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Shaun Barker (University of Tasmania)
DTSTART:20180816T040000Z
DTEND:20180816T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/95
DESCRIPTION:Title: Faults and fluid-rock reaction: controls on the massiv
e Carlin-type gold deposits of Nevada\nby Shaun Barker (University of
Tasmania) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\
n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Scienc
es\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe Carlin-type gold deposits of Nevad
a represent one of the greatest gold concentrations on Earth. The deposits
are hosted within limestones and dolomites of the Great Basin in Nevada.
While the deposits are huge\, and formed from large volumes of fluids\, th
ose fluids have left only cryptic signatures of their passage and interact
ion with their host rocks. In this presentation\, I will present two case
studies\, one at the microscale (on auriferous pyrite)\, one at the kilome
tre scale (utilising large oxygen isotope data sets)\, which provide infor
mation on how faults controlled hydrothermal fluid flow\, and how fluid-ro
ck reaction caused the precipitation of gold-rich pyrite. Finally\, I’ll
present emerging “clumped” stable isotope data\, which will allow us
to place new constraints on processes within carbonate-hosted hydrothermal
systems in the future.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/95/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Gerhard Brey (Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main)
DTSTART:20180823T040000Z
DTEND:20180823T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/96
DESCRIPTION:Title: The birth\, growth and ageing of the Kaapvaal subcrato
nic mantle\nby Gerhard Brey (Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main) as
part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture h
eld in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Act
on campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe origin of the peridotites that form cratonic m
antle roots is central in understanding the history and survival of Earth'
s oldest continents. A major issue over the last decades was the depth of
melting that generated the nuclei of cratons. A new evaluation of element
partitioning between minerals and melt based on high pressure experimental
work irrevocably constrains the pressure of melting to less than 2 GPa th
at leaves spinel harzburgites as residues. Garnet harzburgites\, the domin
ant rock types of the subcratonic mantle\, are generated by subduction via
the reaction opx + sp -> grt + ol. Lateral compression and slab stacking
leads to lithospheric thickening. The main time of these processes probabl
y occurred before 3.2 Ga ago as indicated by i) the oldest Rhenium depleti
on ages of peridotites\, ii) the existence of crustal components with such
ages in the mantle and iii) the age of eclogite xenoliths. The subcratoni
c mantle was subsequently periodically overprinted by metasomatism. The ag
es of metasomatism mark the time of the collision of the E- and W-block of
the Kaapvaal craton\, the time of wide-spread volcanism within the craton
(Ventersdoorp magmatism) and of accretion and subduction processes along
the rifted margins of the Kaapvaal craton. A stable geothermal gradient wa
s established by the end of the Archean and the subcratonic mantle cooled
since then with a rate of 0.07°C/Ma.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/96/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Georgina Falster (Geoscience Australia)
DTSTART:20180822T030000Z
DTEND:20180822T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/97
DESCRIPTION:Title: Millennial-scale variability in south-east Australian
hydroclimate between 30\,000 and 10\,000 years ago\nby Georgina Falste
r (Geoscience Australia) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences
school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School
of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nGlobal climate variabil
ity during the late Quaternary is commonly investigated within the framewo
rk of the ‘bipolar seesaw’ pattern of asynchronous temperature variati
ons in the northern and southern polar latitudes. The terrestrial hydrolog
ical response to this pattern in south-eastern Australia is not fully unde
rstood\, as continuous\, high-resolution\, well-dated proxy records for th
e hydrological cycle in the region are sparse. Here we present a well-date
d\, highly resolved record of moisture balance spanning 30000–10000 cale
ndar years before present (30–10 ka BP)\, based on x-ray fluorescence an
d organic carbon isotope (δ13COM) measurements of a
sedimentary sequence from Lake Surprise in south-eastern Australia.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/97/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Rob McKay (Victoria University of Wellington)
DTSTART:20180906T030000Z
DTEND:20180906T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/98
DESCRIPTION:Title: Ross Sea West Antarctic Ice Sheet History in the Late
Cenozoic\nby Rob McKay (Victoria University of Wellington) as part of
ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Ja
eger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus
.\n\nAbstract\nInternational Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 374
collected a latitudinal and depth transect of five drill sites from the o
uter continental shelf and rise in the eastern Ross Sea in January to Marc
h 2018. The expedition aimed to resolve the relationship between climatic/
oceanic change and West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) evolution over the past
20 million years. This location was selected because numerical ice sheet
models indicate that it is highly sensitive to changes in ocean heat flux
and sea level. The drilling was designed for optimal data-model integratio
n\, which will enable an improved understanding of the sensitivity of Anta
rctic Ice Sheet mass balance during warmer-than-present climates (e.g.\, t
he early Pliocene and middle Miocene). The objectives were to 1) Evaluate
the contribution of West Antarctica to far-field ice volume and sea level
estimates\; 2) Reconstruct ice-proximal atmospheric and oceanic temperatur
es to identify past polar amplification and assess its forcings/feedbacks\
; 3) Assess the role of oceanic forcing (e.g.\, sea level and temperature)
on Antarctic Ice Sheet stability/instability\; 4) Identify the sensitivit
y of the AIS to Earth’s orbital configuration under a variety of climate
boundary conditions\; 5) Reconstruct eastern Ross Sea bathymetry to exami
ne relationships between seafloor geometry\, ice sheet stability/instabili
ty\, and global climate. This talk will present the initial scientific res
ults that resulted from this expedition\, with a focus on the paleoenviron
mental reconstructions that were obtained from the sedimentolgical\, geoch
emical and paleotonlogical datasets.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/98/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Nick Golledge (Victoria University of Wellington)
DTSTART:20180913T040000Z
DTEND:20180913T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/99
DESCRIPTION:Title: Ice sheets\, climate\, and sea level\, from the past t
o the future\nby Nick Golledge (Victoria University of Wellington) as
part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture he
ld in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acto
n campus.\n\nAbstract\nEven with government pledges to reduce greenhouse g
as emissions as part of the Paris Agreement\, we are likely committed to
3-4C surface warming above pre-industrial levels by 2100 CE\, leading to e
nhanced ice-sheet melt. But the mechanisms by which the Greenland and Anta
rctic ice sheets advance and retreat differ\, so it isn't always clear how
sensitive each might be to future warming amounts or to the predicted rat
es. In this presentation I will describe the underlying mechanisms that co
ntrol ice sheet dynamics\, and will use examples spanning the past\, prese
nt\, and future to illustrate the degree to which these systems are unders
tood\, and where the key uncertainties remain. I will explore some of the
ways in which geological data are used to constrain model parameterisation
(or not)\, and how a combined empirical-numerical approach can lead to us
eful advances. Finally\, I will demonstrate how satellite-based measuremen
ts of recent ice mass change can be employed to constrain Greenland and An
tarctic ice-sheet simulations\, allowing future melting to be accurately m
odelled. We will look at how this simulated melt will impact the global cl
imate\, for example\, by slowing the Atlantic overturning circulation or t
rapping warm water below the sea surface around Antarctica\, creating a po
sitive feedback that accelerates ice-sheet retreat. Our latest results sug
gest that over the next century Greenland will contribute linearly to sea-
level rise under a warming climate\, whereas the response from Antarctica
may only emerge after 2070\, once dynamic thinning outweighs increased sn
owfall. When we then use a self-consistent sea-level model to predict the
redistribution of this water\, we see that island nations in the central P
acific will probably experience the greatest sea-level rise - yet perhaps
have the least socio-economic capacity to adapt.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/99/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Balz Kamber (Queensland University of Technology)
DTSTART:20180321T030000Z
DTEND:20180321T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/102
DESCRIPTION:Title: Lessons from the Sudbury impact structure for the Had
ean Earth\nby Balz Kamber (Queensland University of Technology) as par
t of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held
in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton c
ampus.\n\nAbstract\nWe know little about the Hadean Earth but most agree t
hat the entire inner Solar System was pummeled by impacting bolides. None
of the terrestrial Hadean impact basins are preserved but by analogy with
our neighbours\, the Earth must have featured basins of up to thousands of
kilometers across. Is there any hope of inferring processes that would ha
ve operated from studying the few much younger remaining large impact stru
ctures on Earth?\n\n \n\nOf these\, the Chicxulub basin is the best preser
ved but covered by a km of carbonate. Geophysical data define size and arc
hitecture of the basin but in terms of access to rocks\, the situation is
disappointing with only very few drill cores available. In the context of
the Hadean\, a further issue is that the asteroid struck a carbonate platf
orm\, unlikely to have been a major rock type in the Hadean. In this prese
ntation\, I will instead present recent work on the 1.85 Ga Sudbury basin.
Only a remnant of the originally >150 km basin is preserved but fortuitou
sly\, this it is folded into a synform giving complete access across the e
ntire stratigraphy. The base of the meltsheet is also mineralised with Ni-
Cu sulphides and the drill core archive eclipses what is available for all
other impact structures taken together.\n\n \n\nThe impact structure comp
rises the shock-metamorphosed basement\, the crystallised melt sheet and t
he lithologically complex crater fill. The average composition of the ca.
2.5 km thick meltsheet is a quartz-diorite\, probably too evolved to serve
as a direct analogue for the Hadean. However\, the key interest is the un
expectedly thick (1.8 km) crater fill. The lower part of this is composed
of very complex breccias and tuffs that formed when seawater flowed onto t
he super-heated meltsheet. The thicker upper part contains volcanic rocks
which imply sustained magmatism [1]. I will postulate that the insulation
of the meltsheet with a breccia roof was key to drive the internal differe
ntiation. Thus\, if the Hadean Earth sported a liquid hydrosphere\, differ
entiated meltsheets could be the source of Hadean zircons [2].\n\n \n\nThe
crater fill breccias and tuffs define interesting chemostratigraphic tren
ds [3]. The high field strength element evolution clearly indicates that t
he crater rim remained intact during the deposition of the entire formatio
n. Several volatile metals (e.g.\, Pb\, Sb\, Zn) are depleted by > 95% in
the lowermost fill\, suggesting that the impact resulted in a net loss of
volatile species\, supporting the idea of “impact erosion”. I will dis
cuss new Zn-isotope data (collaboration with Prof. R. Schoenberg)\, suppor
ting volatile element loss from the impact plasma plume.\n\n \n\nIn the up
per crater fill\, reduced C contents reach 0.5-1 wt%\, where δ13C becomes
constant at -31‰\, indicating a biogenic origin. Elevated Y/Ho and U/T
h require that the ash interacted with seawater. Redox-sensitive trace met
al chemostratigraphies (e.g. V and Mo) suggest that the crater basin was a
noxic and possibly euxinic and became inhabited by plankton\, whose rain-d
own led to a reservoir effect in certain elements. Importantly\, hydrother
mal systems were active in the crater\, producing volcanogenic massive sul
phides. These hydrothermal systems evidently did not require mid-ocean rid
ges and implicitly\, the operation of plate tectonics. Thus\, on the early
Earth\, seawater-filled impact ring basins were probably nutrient-rich
“ponds” in which chemical experiments could proceed in isolation from
the wider ocean\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/102/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Tim Naish (Victoria University of Wellington)
DTSTART:20180719T040000Z
DTEND:20180719T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/106
DESCRIPTION:Title: Global sea-level during the mid- to Late Pliocene (~3
.3-2.6 Ma) and implications for polar ice sheet variability\nby Tim Na
ish (Victoria University of Wellington) as part of ANU Research School of
Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, R
esearch School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nThe mid-
Pliocene (3.3 -3 Ma) has long been considered an analogue for future globa
l warming with atmospheric CO2 concentration of 400 ppm\, average surface
temperatures 2-3 °C higher than pre-industrial and a lack of large contin
ental ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere. This period of equable climat
e was terminated by global cooling coincident with a 100ppm drop in CO2 an
d the development of Northern Hemisphere continental ice sheets during the
late Pliocene.\n\nI’ll present a new high-resolution (~1kyr) continuous
sea-level record for this interval\, derived from a shallow-marine contin
ental margin\, Whanganui Basin\, New Zealand\, using a newly-developed sed
iment grainsize water-depth relationship. An integrated age model\, indepe
ndent of the global benthic δ18O stack\, was developed from magnetostrati
graphy\, tephrochronology and biostratigraphy. Back-stripping technique wa
s used to remove the effects of subsidence and loading from the paleobathy
metry. Glacio-isostatic adjustment modelling for the mid-Pliocene suggests
the Whanganui site approximates eustatic sea-level.\n\nThe resulting rela
tive sea-level record is characterised by glacial-interglacial precession-
paced fluctuations of 15±8m during the mid-Pliocene\, and obliquity-paced
cycles of 20±8m for the Late Pliocene. Four paleomagnetic reversals allo
w correlation to orbital time-series\, demonstrating sea-level fluctuation
s in phase with southern high-latitude insolation\, implying an Antarctic
dominated meltwater source for eustatic sea-level during the mid-Pliocene.
An Antarctic ice-rafted debris record also suggests that the marine margi
ns of the Antarctic ice sheets continued to be paced by local insolation (
precession) through the Late Pliocene. The emergence of obliquity in the r
ecord from 2.9 Ma is driven by developing northern hemisphere ice sheets.\
n\nI will discuss the implications of this sea-level record for the sensit
ivity of the marine-based sectors of Antarctic ice sheet\, and interpretat
ion of the benthic oxygen isotope proxy record for global ice volume.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/106/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Katrin Meissner (UNSW)
DTSTART:20180726T040000Z
DTEND:20180726T050000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/107
DESCRIPTION:Title: Modelling the dynamics of past climate change\nby
Katrin Meissner (UNSW) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences s
chool seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School o
f Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nI will discuss the dynam
ics of three different climate events in the past: the Paleocene-Eocene Th
ermal Maximum (PETM\, ∼55 million years \nbefore present) and Heinrich E
vents 1 and 4 (17.5-15.5ka BP and 40.2-38.8ka BP). The PETM was a period o
f rapid warming marked by a negative carbon isotope excursion and widespre
ad dissolution of seafloor \ncarbonate. These changes have been attributed
to a massive release of carbon into the exogenic carbon cycle\, and thus\
, the event provides a potential analog for future climate and environment
al changes given the current anthropogenic CO2 emissions. One interesting
aspect of the PETM is that acidification of deep waters was generally more
extensive and severe in the Atlantic and Caribbean regions\, with more \n
modest changes in the Southern and Pacific Oceans. Here I will present a m
echanism that might explain the observed spatial differences and constrain
the total mass of carbon released during the PETM. In addition\, I will p
resent a model - proxy data comparison during Heinrich stadials 1 and 4 w
ith an isotope-enabled Earth System Model. Heinrich stadials were cold per
iods during the past glacial associated with major discharges of icebergs
into the North Atlantic. I will show that changes in surface (planktic) ca
lcite d18O during these events can be equally attributed to changes in tem
perature (due to fractionation)\, changes in ocean circulation\, precipita
tion and evaporation and to the addition of depleted freshwater from conti
nental ice sheets. In contrast\, the meltwater and circulation effects hav
e only a small impact on benthic calcite d18O\; significant changes in sim
ulated deep ocean temperatures substantially influence benthic d18O record
s during that time.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/107/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Marcus Haynes (RSES\, Geoscience Australia)
DTSTART:20210225T020000Z
DTEND:20210225T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/110
DESCRIPTION:Title: A Bayesian reappraisal of Australian crustal heat flo
w\nby Marcus Haynes (RSES\, Geoscience Australia) as part of ANU Rese
arch School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 S
eminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbs
tract\nSurface heat flow offers a unique perspective from which to image t
he Earth. However\, reliable data is difficult to collect and this has nec
essitated a reliance on industrial datasets collected during exploration f
or mineral and petroleum resources. Resulting data-quality issues have lim
ited the ability of previous studies to map the information contained in t
he data into robust model inferences. Here I employ a Bayesian statistical
framework to address these issues under the auspices of re-appraising the
Australian crustal heat flow field. The physical basis for conductive hea
t transport informs the framework\, while a priori knowledge of system par
ameters constrains inference in data-poor areas. These features combine to
produce predictions of Australian surface heat flow\, including a quantif
ication of prediction uncertainty. The significance of these outcomes is t
hat they provide the means to calculate the extent with which a given Eart
h model is consistent with available geothermal data. In doing so\, I esta
blish the basis for future data integration projects to build detailed mod
els of Australian crustal structure and composition\, and to better constr
ain the Australian lithospheric heat budget.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/110/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Josué Martínez Moreno (RSES)
DTSTART:20210218T020000Z
DTEND:20210218T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/111
DESCRIPTION:Title: Changing ocean currents\, coherent eddies and jets.\nby Josué Martínez Moreno (RSES) as part of ANU Research School of Ea
rth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Res
earch School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nThe T
erraneChron®\; approach integrates in-situ microanalysis of the U-Pb ag
e\, Hf-isotope and trace-element compositions of zircons from modern drain
ages\, ancient sediments and targeted igneous rocks. It has been applied t
o a wide range of fundamental and strategic research studies that resulted
in >270 CEMOC/CCFS publications in both high-impact journals and those re
levant to mineral exploration. It has driven conceptual advances in unders
tanding the evolution of the Earth’s crust as well as delivering competi
tive advantages to the exploration industry. \n
\nTerraneChron®\; wa
s developed by the GEMOC team at the dawn of this century and represented
a breakthrough concept linked to emerging analytical technology with direc
t applications for cost-effective routine exploration. It was inspired by
the first convincing demonstration of high-precision in-situ microanalysi
s of Hf isotopes in zircon and an extensive study of zircon trace-element
compositions and links to host rock types. While the large datasets gener
ated for igneous and particularly for detrital zircon populations can be u
sed to address a range of geological questions\, they also present signifi
cant challenges in terms of data reduction\, graphical representation and
relaible interpretation. Other challenges to address are biases in the det
rital zircon record due to the limited range of rock compositions that rea
dily crystallize zircon\, and to the high preservation potential of zircon
and thus its persistence through mutiple cycles of erosion and sedimentat
ion. Recent studies indicate that complementary isotopic and trace-element
information collected on other accessory minerals (e.g. rutile\, apatite\
, baddeleyite) offer a great potential to overcome these issues.\n
\nTh
e future multi-mineral TerraneChron®\; approach will enable to provide
higher-reolution geochemical remote-sensing for analysing crustal evolutio
n\, geochemical fingerprinting of geodynamic processes and evaluating the
economic potential of target terranes.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/39/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Niloofar Karimian (Southern Cross University)
DTSTART:20201126T020000Z
DTEND:20201126T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/41
DESCRIPTION:Title: Redox Cycling of Iron and Sulfur and the Consequences
for Arsenic and Antimony Mobility in Acid Sulfate Soil Wetlands\nby Ni
loofar Karimian (Southern Cross University) as part of ANU Research School
of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room
\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nA co
mplex interplay between hydrology\, redox conditions and Fe mineralogy lea
ds to diverse reactions that determine contaminant fate and general water
quality in acid sulfate soil (ASS) wetlands. Many of the Fe minerals that
commonly occur in ASS environments are both metastable and capable of bein
g potent scavengers for toxic trace metals and metalloids under oxidising
acidic conditions. Some trace metals and metalloids (such as arsenic and a
ntimony) may have a large impact on environmental quality. Therefore\, a s
ound understanding of metastable host-mineral phases and the corresponding
behaviour of associated trace metal/metalloid contaminants under fluctuat
ing redox conditions is essential for ASS wetlands management.\nMy researc
h focuses on how mineral formation and evolution over time affects the geo
chemical behavior of toxic metalloids arsenic and antimony in the geo-envi
ronment using a wide range of advanced analytical techniques including X-r
ay Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). A major focus is on improving our unders
tanding of the potential effects of seasonal redox oscillations on Fe and
S speciation and exploring the consequences for water quality. There is a
need for improved interpretation of the important processes which are like
ly to occur in ASS and acid mine drainage (AMD) under fluctuating redox co
nditions in order to better predict prospective environmental outcomes and
choose optimal management strategies.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/41/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Sandra McLaren (The University of Melbourne)
DTSTART:20201029T020000Z
DTEND:20201029T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/42
DESCRIPTION:Title: The Neogene evolution of the Murray Basin – a unique
continental archive of tectonic\, climatic and geomorphic change\nby
Sandra McLaren (The University of Melbourne) as part of ANU Research Schoo
l of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Roo
m\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nClimate change mitigation will require a significant decrease i n the CO2 emissions associated with transport and energy generation. Howev er\, the material requirements for this transition are often neglected whe n developing plans and policy around combating climate change. In reality\ , moving to a low-CO2 future will require significant (in some cases >500% ) increases in production of key minerals and metals beyond the record lev els of production the mining industry has already achieved\, even if we ca n also increase the recycling of these commodities. This presentation will outline the mineral requirements for a low CO2 future\, why meaningful cl imate change mitigation will necessarily rely on the raw materials supplie d by the minerals industry\, and what implications this might have for the future of mining.\n LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/113/ END:VEVENT BEGIN:VEVENT SUMMARY:Navid Constantinou (RSES) DTSTART:20210325T020000Z DTEND:20210325T030000Z DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z UID:RSES_school_seminar/114 DESCRIPTION:Title: From small swirls up to the global ocean circulation: how ocean eddies affect the Earth’s climate\nby Navid Constantinou (RSES) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\n Lecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\ , ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\n
\n\n
\n\nModeling and observing th
e global ocean environment requires a coordinated global effort. Yet\, as
in most STEM disciplines\, Africans are under-represented in the global oc
eanography enterprise. The need\, and the potential\, for changing this is
clear. The coastal resources of Africa\, the world's second-largest conti
nent\, face many pressures including erosion due to sea-level rise\, offsh
ore oil drilling\, increased shipping\, overfishing\, piracy\, and others.
At the same time\, Africa has a young\, rapidly growing population\, and
has several of the world's fastest-growing economies. The time is ripe for
developing STEM partnerships between Africa and the rest of the world\, a
nd a more diverse global scientific community will benefit everyone.\n\nWi
th the above motivations in mind\, we developed the Coastal Ocean Environm
ent Summer School in Ghana. Following an exploratory trip in 2014\, during
which we met potential partnering institutions\, we have been running the
school for one week every August since 2015. The hosting Ghana institutio
n alternates between Regional Maritime University (RMU)\, which trains Wes
t Africans for careers in shipping\, port management\, and other marine se
ctor careers\, and the University of Ghana (UG)\, which has a marine and f
isheries sciences department. Over time the school curriculum has grown to
include hands-on labs\, a boat trip\, instrument deployments\, field trip
s to beaches and ports\, and short research projects\, in addition to lect
ures. From 2016-2019\, about 100 West Africans participated per year. The
school has a regional impact\; an increasing number of participants come f
rom Nigeria and other countries outside of Ghana. Instruction is done by r
esource persons from Ghana\, the US\, and Europe. Global north participant
s have included undergraduates\, graduate students\, postdocs\, and profes
sors/research scientists.\n\nWe will briefly discuss school success storie
s\, our experience running the school virtually in 2020 (for about 60-70 p
articipants)\, funding challenges\, and our vision for the future of the s
chool.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/119/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Maryjo Brounce (UC Riverside)
DTSTART:20210415T030000Z
DTEND:20210415T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/120
DESCRIPTION:Title: Enrichment in H2O and elevated Fe oxidation states ar
e linked to material recycling in Izu-Bonin-Mariana lavas\nby Maryjo B
rounce (UC Riverside) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences sch
ool seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of
Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nElevated water and select trace element concent
rations\, and higher Fe3+/TFe ratios distinguish arc basalts from mid-ocea
n ridge basalts. It is broadly accepted that the elevated water contents a
nd certain incompatible trace element abundances are linked to the presenc
e of fluids and/or melts from subducting oceanic slabs\, but recently\, th
e reason for elevated Fe3+/TFe of arc basalts has been more controversial.
In this talk\, I will show measurements of major\, trace\, and volatile c
ontents and Fe3+/TFe ratios of submarine glass and olivine hosted melt inc
lusions from the Izu-Bonin-Marian system that sample 1) a range of extent
of influence from the subducting Pacific plate from the back-arc to the ce
ntral arc\, and 2) various stages of the lifetime of the system\, from the
initiation of the margin ~52 Ma to present day. Despite changes in crusta
l thickness\, major element chemistry of mafic lavas\, and dissolved sulfu
r contents of silicate glass in both space and time\, erupted samples with
Fe3+/TFe ratios higher than typical MORB always have elevated water and s
elect trace element contents. This coherence for all erupted samples from
the Eocene to present day and from the back-arc to well-established arc vo
lcanoes strongly links the production of oxidized\, hydrous lavas with the
release of fluids and/or melts in to the mantle in the IBM system.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/120/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Michael Griffiths (William Paterson University)
DTSTART:20210506T030000Z
DTEND:20210506T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/121
DESCRIPTION:Title: Monsoons\, Megadroughts and Migration: Paleo Perspect
ives from Southeast Asian Cave Records\nby Michael Griffiths (William
Paterson University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences scho
ol seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of E
arth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\n\nThe middle part of the Holocene epoch\, between 6 a
nd 4 thousand years ago\, was characterized by crippling ‘megadroughts
’ that led to the disruption of ancient civilizations across large parts
of Africa and Asia. Indeed\, collapse of the Akkadian Empire of Mesopotam
ia\, the de-urbanization of the Indus Civilization\, and the spread of pas
toralism along the Nile\, are all examples of societal shifts that have be
en linked with climate extremes (e.g.\, the ‘4.2 ka event’) during thi
s period. Yet\, the extent of these climate extremes in mainland Southeast
Asia (MSEA) has never been defined. This is despite archeological evidenc
e showing a shift in human settlement patterns across the region during th
is period. We report evidence from cave stalagmite climate records indicat
ing a major decrease of monsoon rainfall in MSEA during the mid- to late H
olocene\, coincident with African monsoon failure during the end of the
‘Green Sahara’. Through a set of climate modeling experiments\, we sho
w that reduced vegetation and increased dust emissions during the Green Sa
hara termination shifted the Walker circulation eastward and cooled the In
dian Ocean\, causing a reduction in monsoon rainfall in MSEA. Our results
indicate that vegetation-dust climate feedbacks from Sahara drying may hav
e been the catalyst for societal shifts in MSEA via ocean atmospheric tele
connections.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/121/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Yinan Wang (Johns Hopkins University)
DTSTART:20210520T030000Z
DTEND:20210520T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/122
DESCRIPTION:Title: Alternate careers in geology? The collector's market
for rocks\, minerals\, and fossils\nby Yinan Wang (Johns Hopkins Unive
rsity) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\n
\nAbstract\n
\n\n\nThe n
atural history market has existed since the 1800's and recently has become
extremely popular as crystal and fossil collecting has taken off. This ta
lk will explore the history of commercial natural history\, how the field
has changed\, and what the future holds as the auction market begins to lo
ok at natural history as art more than science.\n\nI grew up in upstate Ne
w York in the United States and I've been collecting minerals and fossils
since I was a kid. I went to Princeton University for college and got a ba
chelors in geosciences\, with a specialization in mass extinctions. Over t
he past few years I've been in a variety of industries including selling r
ocks and minerals\, and as a natural history consultant at an auction hou
se. I've kept a toe in the sciences by contributing to paleoentomological
research\, mostly via interesting fossil insect specimens I find in amber.
In 2018 I published a young adult book entitled "The 50 State Fossils\, a
guidebook for the aspiring paleontologist" which won a silver medal from
the Independent Publishers Book Awards. In 2020 I published "50 State Gems
and Minerals". I'm currently a graduate student in Geospatial Intelligenc
e at Johns Hopkins University.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/122/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Wenbo Wu (Caltech)
DTSTART:20210513T030000Z
DTEND:20210513T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/123
DESCRIPTION:Title: Seismic ocean thermometry using land-based seismomete
rs and hydrophones\nby Wenbo Wu (Caltech) as part of ANU Research Scho
ol of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Ro
om\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nAs
the major buffer of Earth's energy imbalance\, the ocean plays a key role
in regulating global climate and\n temperature changes. Howe
ver\, accurate estimation of global\n ocean temperature chang
e remains a challenging sampling\n problem. To complement exi
sting point measurements\, we have\n developed a novel and lo
w-cost method of using travel time\n changes of acoustic wave
s from repeating natural\n earthquakes to infer basin-scale a
verage ocean temperature\n changes. In this study\, we implem
ent this method using a\n seismometer and two CTBTO hydrophon
es in the Eastern Indian\n ocean to infer the large-scale oce
an temperature changes\n with a high temporal resolution. We
detect not only\n seasonal signals\, which are generally cons
istent with that\n in previous oceanographic datasets of ECCO
and Argo\, but\n also more interesting features missing in E
CCO and Argo.\n These results suggest that seismic ocean ther
mometry offers\n new opportunities for monitoring ocean warmi
ng.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/123/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Sarah Lambart (The University of Utah)
DTSTART:20210603T030000Z
DTEND:20210603T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/124
DESCRIPTION:Title: What First Row Transition Elements can tell us about
the lithological make-up of the mantle\nby Sarah Lambart (The Universi
ty of Utah) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school semina
r\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Scie
nces\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nMantle heterogeneity has a first-order contr
ol of the petrological and geochemical differences of erupted mafic lavas
worldwide. Whether this heterogeneity reflects only chemical variability o
r also lithological differences in source regions is debated. Because of t
heir contrasted partitioning behaviors between mantle phases\, First Row T
ransition Elements (FRTEs) are considered as potential lithological tracer
s. Using a combination of published data on natural and experimental sampl
es and new high precision analyses (high-current microprobe and LA-ICP-MS
analyses)\, we investigated the various parameters that control FRTE excha
nge coefficients (Kd) between common mantle minerals and performed inverse
modeling to test if FRTE ratios from basalt compositions can be used to s
olve for modal proportions in their mantle source. We applied the Kd deter
mined from mantle lithologies in this study\, along with experimental melt
-mineral partitioning coefficients and a simplified batch melting model\,
on two basalt suites for their contrasted Mn/Fe and Zn/Fe ratios. Our resu
lts show that a same FRTE ratio can be explained by a range of modal propo
rtions in the source. However\, when combined\, FRTE ratios become a power
ful tool to constrain the nature of the source.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/124/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Ariel Anbar (Arizona State University)
DTSTART:20210527T030000Z
DTEND:20210527T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/125
DESCRIPTION:Title: Redox Revolutions - Earth and Beyond\nby Ariel An
bar (Arizona State University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sci
ences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research S
chool of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n\n\nWhat factors shaped the rise of O2 in Earth’s a
tmosphere? Increasingly\, it appears that evolution of the solid Earth pla
yed a key role in modulating the oxygenation of Earth’s surface environm
ent. This emerging understanding raises important questions about the like
lihood of similar “redox revolutions" on extrasolar “Earths"\, and the
strategies we should use to search for life on worlds beyond our own.\n\n
\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/125/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Kim Picard (Geoscience Australia)
DTSTART:20210610T030000Z
DTEND:20210610T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/126
DESCRIPTION:Title: AusSeabed: Making seabed mapping data easily accessib
le\nby Kim Picard (Geoscience Australia) as part of ANU Research Schoo
l of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Roo
m\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nAus
tralia’s marine jurisdiction covers over 10 million square kilometres\,
but less than 25% of its seafloor is mapped at the appropriate resolution
to support safe navigation and the sustainable development and management
of our marine resources. Seabed mapping data underpins all aspects of ocea
n science and marine engineering. However\, until recently\, limited coord
ination of mapping activities by a range of marine industries\, government
agencies and universities has resulted in duplication of effort\, lack of
consistency\, loss of efficiency and limited reuse of data by a variety o
f end-users. The AusSeabed community\, comprising representatives from mar
ine industries\, government and universities\, is building a scalable\, cl
oud-based\, open source solution to address these issues. The adoptable an
d adaptable tools being developed through this initiative will establish a
new frontier of marine big data analytics by facilitating standardised su
rvey planning\, acquisition methods\, quality control tools and data proce
ssing in a configurable discovery and delivery portal. Importantly\, this
work is enabling seamless collation of bathymetry datasets and their integ
ration with other marine data types\, including seabed sediments and habit
ats. This presentation highlights AusSeabed current progress and forward p
lan.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/126/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick (UNSW)
DTSTART:20210617T030000Z
DTEND:20210617T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/127
DESCRIPTION:Title: The status and next steps of event attribution in Cli
mate Science\nby Sarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick (UNSW) as part of ANU Resea
rch School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Se
minar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbst
ract\nExtreme event attribution is a field of climate science rapidly grow
ing in popularity\, despite being relatively new. In event attribution stu
dies\, the anthropogenic climate signal of an observed extreme event is de
termined by comparing the frequency and/or magnitude of the event in factu
al and counterfactual climates. This process is heavily reliant on physica
l climate models and their ability to simulate events like the one of inte
rest\, as well as the underpinning physical mechanisms. Whilst an anthropo
genic signal is readily found for heat extremes\, it is not always the cas
e for other extreme events which are more prone to influences of variabili
ty\, and/or are not modelled as accurately. Moreover\, different approache
s and/or physical models employed for attribution may yield different resu
lts\, which\, although scientifically plausible\, poses significant commun
ication challenges. Recently\, attributing the impacts of extremes to clim
ate change has also been explored\, however there are nuances in the metho
dology which hinders a direct application of the attribution of the extrem
e event directly to its impacts. Whilst event attribution is useful and po
werful\, such challenges cannot be ignored. This talk will address and dis
cuss these challenges and propose ways they may be overcome in the future.
\n\n \n\nBio:\n\nSarah Perkins-Kirkpatrick is a Senior Lecturer/ARC Future
Fellow in the School of Science\, UNSW Canberra. She received her PhD in
2010 from the Climate Change Research Centre at UNSW Sydney\, where she a
lso worked from 2011-2020. As a climate scientist specialising in extreme
events\, Sarah’s expertise focuses on heatwaves and event attribution. S
he has lead pioneering research how to measure heatwaves and their changes
in the observational record. Sarah has analysed how heatwaves will change
under various scenarios of global warming\, both over Australia and globa
lly. She is also interested in how natural climate variability drives heat
waves\, as well as employing detection and attribution methods to understa
nd how climate change influences specific extremes and their impacts. Sara
h has co-authored 80 publications throughout her career\, most of which fo
cus on extreme heat in a changing climate. She is also passionate about sc
ience communication\, and regularly comments on all things heatwaves and c
limate change in both the Australian and international media.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/127/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Patricia Persaud (Louisiana State University)
DTSTART:20210715T030000Z
DTEND:20210715T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/128
DESCRIPTION:Title: Why sedimentary basin geometry must be included in pr
edictions of earthquake ground motions\nby Patricia Persaud (Louisiana
State University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school
seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Ear
th Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nAn overdue large-magnitude earthquake rupture on
the southern San Andreas fault will have severe impacts for residents of t
he densely populated Los Angeles area. Due to the lack of recent large ear
thquakes\, seismic hazard estimates for the region are mainly based on hyp
othetical simulations of earthquake rupture that give estimates of the gro
und motion or shaking. One of the key ingredients in such simulations is a
n Earth model that is representative of the real geology and rock properti
es. Our work improves the ground motion estimates in the region by applyin
g newly developed approaches to update the standard Southern California Ea
rthquake Center - Community Velocity Models used in earthquake hazard esti
mates by embedding basin models that include explosive shots. I will prese
nt our evaluation of this new generation of hybrid Earth models in the vic
inity of the southern San Andreas fault in the Salton Trough. Our methodol
ogy can be applied to other regions to rapidly and cost-effectively improv
e earthquake ground motion modeling efforts.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/128/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Penny King (RSES)
DTSTART:20210722T030000Z
DTEND:20210722T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/129
DESCRIPTION:Title: Linked evolution of planetary surfaces and atmosphere
s\nby Penny King (RSES) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Scienc
es school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Scho
ol of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nThere are many outstanding questions about the ev
olution of the surface and atmosphere on the inner planets. Why is Earth a
water world and how did its early surface interact with the atmosphere? H
ow and why did Mars’s surface and atmosphere lose most of their H2O? Why
is the martian surface covered in uniform dust with abundant iron oxides\
, sulfur and chlorine salts\, and rare carbonate minerals? Why does Venus
have a thick atmosphere? Why does Mercury have no atmosphere and putative
reduced minerals?\n
\nIn this talk\, I will examine the hypothesis that high temperature reactions between gases and surface materials\, early in the history of these planets\, provide a framework to explain the planet ’s broad surface and atmospheric features.\n
\nHot gas-solid reaction s are common on Earth and occur at volcanoes today. Our group has document ed these reactions in the 2018 ash eruptions at Kilauea volcano and in the sub-surface of volcanoes. The reaction products are consistent with the r esults of our recent experiments and thermochemical models showing that ho t gases react rapidly and efficiently with common silicate minerals and gl asses to produce predictable products. These reactions occur over both tem poral and lateral scales that demonstrably influence the evolution of a pl anet.\n
\nSince Mars has the oldest and best exposed crust\, it provide s a helpful analogue for the early inner planets. Our experiments and mod els show that Mars’s surface and atmospheric evolution could occur via b asaltic volcanism\, impacts (including impacts into ice) and sedimentary p rocesses\; rather than catastrophic climate change inducing water-loss. W e suggest that gas-solid reactions significantly contributed to the atmosp heres of the inner planets by effectively “scrubbing” the reactive gas es out of the early martian atmosphere leaving behind carbon dioxide gas\, iron oxides\, sulfur- and chlorine- minerals and rare carbonates.\n
\n
This framework for Mars can be extrapolated to explain the surface and atm
ospheric evolution on Venus and Earth. The differences between the planet
s today largely depend on the planet’s size and heliocentric distance wh
ich controlled the extent of surface-atmosphere-ice reactions.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/129/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Mark Harrison (UCLA)
DTSTART:20210701T030000Z
DTEND:20210701T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/131
DESCRIPTION:Title: When Did Earth Become Habitable\nby Mark Harrison
(UCLA) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\
nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences
\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n
\n\nSeismology h
as come a long way in providing insights into Earth's internal structure a
nd dynamics. Among many forward and inverse geophysical techniques develop
ed\, full-waveform modelling\, seismic tomography and receiver-based studi
es enabled detailed imaging of Earth's subsurface. Apart from earthquake w
aves\, analysing the Earth's ambient noise in the last two decades revolut
ionized Earth's interior studies. That enabled imaging of Earth structure
in places where earthquakes or receivers do not exist.\n\nAt the same t ime\, progress in imaging the Earth's deepest shells has been impeded by t he uneven global distribution of earthquakes and receivers and the fact th at the ambient noise studies cannot reach deeper than the uppermost Earth' s shells. In seeking the ways forward\, we started experimenting with simi larity – comparing digital waveforms recorded at different locations man y hours after the onset of large earthquakes. As in many science disciplin es\, initial work on this topic resulted in controversies and led to new r ealisations and discoveries that altogether contributed to the rise of a n ew concept – the correlation wavefield\, a common theme throughout my ta lk.\n
\n“Detecting similarity between weak signals is more valuable th an detecting them.” \n
\nOnce this concept is fully understood through
theoretical developments\, it becomes a powerful way to study Earth's dee
p structure\, including its innermost shell – the inner core. I will pro
vide a review of my group’s most important results and ambitions to date
\, with brief stops at the Earth’s centre and its various shells\, the S
outhern Ocean bottom\, Mars\, the Outback and Antarctica. I hope to demons
trate that this new concept may play a central role in global and planetar
y seismology in the coming decades.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/132/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Tanya Smith (Griffith University)
DTSTART:20210805T030000Z
DTEND:20210805T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/133
DESCRIPTION:Title: Tales Teeth Tell: Diet\, Stress & Climate\nby Tan
ya Smith (Griffith University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sci
ences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research S
chool of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n\n
\nTeeth are some of the best preser ved and most commonly-recovered elements in human skeletal assemblages. De ntal tissues contain remarkably faithful records of their development thro ugh time\, best represented by daily incremental features in enamel and de ntine. These features have been used to determine the rate and duration of tooth formation\, disruptions during development\, and age at death in ju veniles. Syntheses of tooth growth and chemistry allow insights into early life diets\, developmental stress\, and environmental change. Due to rapi d technological developments\, these new approaches have the potential to increase our understanding of human biology\, including the impacts of cul tural transitions and climate variability. The integration of temporal\, s tructural\, and chemical approaches heralds a bright future for research i n archaeological science\, earth science\, and evolutionary anthropology.\ n\n
\nBio\n
\nDr. Tanya Smith is an ARC Future Fellow and a Professor
in the Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution and the Griffith Cen
tre for Social and Cultural Research at Griffith University. She has previ
ously held a professorship at Harvard University and fellowships at the Ra
dcliffe Institute for Advanced Study and the Max Planck Institute for Evol
utionary Anthropology. Tanya received her doctorate in Anthropological Sci
ences from Stony Brook University (NY\, USA). Her research is currently fu
nded by the Australian Academy of Science and the Australian Research Coun
cil. Tanya’s popular science book\, The Tales Teeth Tell\, was published
by MIT Press in 2018.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/133/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Andrew Roberts (RSES)
DTSTART:20210812T030000Z
DTEND:20210812T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/134
DESCRIPTION:Title: Do the fossilized remains of magnetic bacteria tell u
s anything about ancient environments or Earth’s earliest magnetic field
?\nby Andrew Roberts (RSES) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sc
iences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research
School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nMagnetotactic ba
cteria (MTB) are diverse prokaryotes that biomineralize perfect stoichiome
tric magnetite (Fe3O4) crystals or less perfect greigite (Fe3S4) crystals
within their cells. MTB are thought to be ubiquitous in aquatic environmen
ts and their ability to produce magnetically ideal nanomagnets means that
their post-mortem remains (magnetofossils) can potentially provide widespr
ead and superb sedimentary records of ancient planetary magnetic field var
iations. The dominant view is that MTB live within chemical gradients acro
ss the oxic-anoxic interface (OAI) in water columns and sediments. Their s
trong cellular magnetic moment is argued to enable MTB to navigate via mag
netotaxis along geomagnetic field lines to reduce their search from three
dimensions to one dimension to find ideal chemical niches within chemicall
y stratified aquatic OAI environments. The big catch is that the sulphidic
environments that underlie an OAI will cause magnetite to dissolve\, so m
y expectation for 20 years was that\, while MTB are interesting organisms\
, they should not be important in the geological record. About 10 years ag
o\, my views turned on their head when we and other groups started to find
evidence for widespread magnetofossil preservation in ancient sediments.
This raises questions about the environments in which MTB lived. Do MTB al
ways inhabit OAI environments? What is the environmental function of MTB?
What is the benefit of magnetotaxis? Are MTB involved in biogeochemical el
emental cycling? Can magnetofossil morphology tell us anything useful abou
t the environment? Can it be used as a paleoenvironmental proxy? When did
MTB appear in geological time? Can this tell us anything about the earlies
t evolution of our planetary magnetic field\, which is thought to be an es
sential ingredient in the evolution of life on Earth? My aim is to tell yo
u about some of the exciting things we have been learning about MTB in rec
ent years.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/134/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Michael Garcia (Hawaii)
DTSTART:20210708T030000Z
DTEND:20210708T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/135
DESCRIPTION:Title: Pūhāhonu: Earth's Biggest and Hottest Shield Volcan
o\nby Michael Garcia (Hawaii) as part of ANU Research School of Earth
Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Researc
h School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n
\n\n\nThis year sees the culmination of some
20 years of investigations of two deep-sea cores taken by ANU offshore Ka
ngaroo Island in South Australia\, opposite the current mouth of the River
Murray. These cores provide remarkable\, high-resolution data that rely o
n marine and non-marine proxies\, and\, as a consequence\, it has now been
possible to compare past events both on land and at sea spaning the last
glacial-interglacial cycle\, viz 125\,000 years. The cores provide informa
tion on changes that principally occurred in the Murray Darling Basin [MDB
] via sediments and pollen transported at sea.\n
\nI will elaborate on t
he micropalaeontological and geochemical information we obtained from thes
e cores\, in particular on (1) planktic foraminiferal faunal analyses that
inform on past oceanic conditions\, (2) recovered pollen and charcoal tha
t permit reconstruction of past vegetation spectra\, rainfall and fire act
ivity in the MDB\, and (3) geochemical analyses of core sediments that can
inform on the dynamics of sediment transport in the MDB and are related t
o atmospheric changes over SE Australia.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/137/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Sara Moron Polanco (University of Sydney)
DTSTART:20210916T030000Z
DTEND:20210916T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/138
DESCRIPTION:Title: The ups and downs of continental-scale deltaic depoce
nters\nby Sara Moron Polanco (University of Sydney) as part of ANU Res
earch School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1
Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAb
stract\n
\n\n\nThe nature an
d contribution of flexural isostatic compensation to subsidence and uplift
of passive margin deltas remains poorly understood. We performed a series
of simulations to investigate flexural isostatic responses to high freque
ncy fluctuations in water and sediment load associated with climatically-d
riven sea-level changes. We use a parallel basin and landscape dynamics mo
del\, BADLANDS\, (an acronym for BAsin anD LANdscape DynamicS) that combin
es erosion\, sedimentation\, and diffusion with flexure\, where the isosta
tic compensation of the load is computed by flexural compensation. We mode
l a large drainage basin that discharges to a continental margin to genera
te a deltaic depocenter\, then prescribe synthetic and climatic-driven sea
-level curves of different frequencies to assess flexural response. Result
s show that flexural isostatic adjustments are bidirectional over 100-1000
kyr time-scales and mirror the magnitude\, frequency\, and direction of s
ea-level fluctuations\, and that isostatic adjustments play an important r
ole in driving along-strike and cross-shelf river-mouth migration and sedi
ment accumulation. Our findings demonstrate that climate-forced sea-level
changes set up a feedback mechanism that results in self-sustaining creati
on of accommodation into which sediment is deposited and plays a major rol
e in delta morphology and stratigraphic architecture.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/138/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Melanie Finch (Monash University)
DTSTART:20211021T020000Z
DTEND:20211021T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/140
DESCRIPTION:Title: Enigmatic structures in ductile shear zones\nby M
elanie Finch (Monash University) as part of ANU Research School of Earth S
ciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research
School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nDuctile shear z
ones accommodate major tectonic forces\, from the uplift of mountain range
s to the subduction of oceans. We understand much about how they form and
localise strain\, but some relatively common features have remained enigma
tic. Such features include hybrid microstructures that form due to overpri
nting shear structures (e.g.\, dextral shear overprinting sinistral) and C
' and C'' shear bands. This work seeks to understand the evolution of thes
e structures using numerical modelling\, combined with observations of nat
urally deformed rocks.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/140/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Yen Joe Tan (The Chinese University of Hong Kong)
DTSTART:20211028T020000Z
DTEND:20211028T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/141
DESCRIPTION:Title: The 2016 central Italy earthquake sequence\nby Ye
n Joe Tan (The Chinese University of Hong Kong) as part of ANU Research Sc
hool of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar
Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
In 2016\, multiple Mw 5-6.5 earthquakes occurred on an 80-km-long normal-f
ault system in central Italy. I will present results from analysing one ye
ar of continuous data from a network of 140 seismic stations within 80 km
of the epicentral region. I will first discuss the workflow we adopted to
build a high-precision catalogue of ∼900\,000 earthquakes\, an order of
magnitude more events than the catalogue routinely produced by the local e
arthquake monitoring agency\, based on arrival times derived using a deep-
neural-network-based picker. I will then discuss what the enhanced catalog
ue revealed regarding the complex fault structures in this region and how
they were activated\, as well as the processes underlying the largest even
ts' initiation.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/141/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Phil Cummins (RSES)
DTSTART:20210826T030000Z
DTEND:20210826T040000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/142
DESCRIPTION:Title: Earthquake Double-trouble in August 2021\nby Phil
Cummins (RSES) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school se
minar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth
Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nDuring August 2021\, the world e
xperienced two remarkable earthquakes: the Mw 8.1 earthquake in the South
Sandwich Islands on 12 August\, and the Mw 7.2 earthquake in Haiti on 14 A
ugust in Haiti. These earthquakes were both exceptional\, but for very dif
ferent reasons.\nThe Mw 8.1 South Sandwich Islands earthquake was the larg
est to have occurred in this subduction zone since a Mw 8.1 event in 1929.
While we often say that the largest earthquakes occur in subduction zone
s\, this almost always refers to events in ocean-continent or island arc s
ubduction zones\, like Cascadia\, NE and SW Japan\, Indonesia’s Sunda Ar
c\, the Kurils or Aleutians. Even for these subduction zones\, we’ve som
etimes been wrong about just how big earthquakes can be. But what about oc
eanic subduction zones\, like the Mariana\, the Tonga-Kermadec\, or South
Sandwich\, how big can earthquakes in these subduction zones be? We really
don’t know\, even though the answer has important implications for tsun
ami hazard worldwide. Perhaps the 2021 South Sandwich earthquake can help
answer this question? Then again maybe not…\n
\nThe Mw 7.2 Haiti earth quake is remarkable for a completely different reason: it was the most dea dly natural disaster of 2021. This earthquake occurred on a fault characte rised by oblique strike-slip motion\, that cuts through the island of Hisp aniola in the Caribbean. While earthquakes on such faults are typically m uch smaller than major subduction zone earthquakes\, they can be far more dangerous because that may be proximate to large population centres. This earthquake was significantly larger than a similar earthquake that occurr ed in Haiti in 2010\, which probably caused more than 100\,000 fatalities\ , ranking it as the most deadly natural disaster in the 21st Century (so f ar). Why did the 2021 earthquake kill so many people\, but sill far fewer than the 2010 earthquake?\n
\nIn this talk I will give a brief overview
of these two earthquakes\, and explain why they are so significant.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/142/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:(1) Khosro Ghobadi-Far\; (2) Siyuan Tian ([1] Virginia Tech [2] AN
U Centre for Water and Landscape Dynamics)
DTSTART:20210909T000000Z
DTEND:20210909T013500Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/144
DESCRIPTION:Title: (1) New Developments in Earth System Mass Change Obse
rvation from Space: Monitoring of Extreme Events\; (2) Reimagining our wat
er future from space\nby (1) Khosro Ghobadi-Far\; (2) Siyuan Tian ([1]
Virginia Tech [2] ANU Centre for Water and Landscape Dynamics) as part of
ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in J
aeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campu
s.\n\nAbstract\n (1) New Developments in Earth System Mass Change
Observation from Space: Monitoring of Extreme Events \nAs most of the upper mantle departs only modestly from elastic behavior
\, the mechanical properties of olivine polycrystals during the onset of v
iscoelastic relaxation are of particular seismological importance but diff
icult to access experimentally because the low level of dissipation is clo
se to the resolution of forced-oscillation testing. A further impediment i
s the occurrence of the austenite-to-ferrite phase transition in the mild-
steel jacket with the potential to mask the mechanical behavior of the enc
losed polycrystalline olivine specimen during the onset of viscoelastic re
laxation. Accordingly\, recent improvements in experimental methodology an
d alternative stainless-steel jacket material characterized through parall
el experiments\, have been applied in this study to a suite of newly prepa
red dry\, melt-free olivine polycrystals. Synthetic Fo90 powder
was first produced by the solution-gelation method\, and then hot pressed
at 1200 °C and 300 MPa within NiFe liners to yield dense fine-grained (d
~ 5 μm) polycrystals. Torsional oscillation tests\, whether conducted wi
thin mild-steel or the alternative stainless-steel jacket\, consistently r
eveal the onset of viscoelastic relaxation in these dry and melt-free oliv
ine polycrystals as a mild dissipation peak with relaxation strength of 0.
02 ± 0.01 superimposed on a monotonic dissipation background. The diss
ipation peak\, clearly resolved for the first time\, and associated modest
relaxation of the shear modulus are probably associated with elastically
accommodated grain-boundary sliding.\n \nIn order to facilitate more rob
ust extrapolation of the experimental data for fine-grained olivine to the
coarse-grained upper mantle (d ~ mm-cm)\, the grain-size sensitivity of v
iscoelastic relaxation in polycrystalline olivine\, established in a previ
ous study\, has been re-assessed by experiments with modern methodology. A
ccordingly\, specimens of larger grain sizes were hot- pressed under more
oxidizing and hydrous conditions within Pt-lined steel jackets at 1200-130
0 oC\, followed by firing within CO/CO2 atmosphere o
f 1:1 partial pressure to restore the appropriate redox state before mecha
nical testing. The grain-size sensitivity of viscoelastic relaxation\, new
ly constrained in this study for specimens ranging in mean grain size from
4 to 22 μm\, is markedly stronger than previously observed - with the ke
y Maxwell relaxation time varying approximately as d 3 in accord with theo
retical models for grain-boundary sliding. Preliminary extrapolation of th
e new experimental data to the upper-mantle conditions of pressure and gra
in size\, has been performed with a Burgers creep-function model. Contrary
to previous indications\, the new results suggest that grain-boundary sli
ding in dry melt-free olivine cannot account for dissipation QG
-1 > 0.01 or more than ~3% relaxation of the shear modulus. Hig
her levels of seismologically observed dissipation and modulus relaxation
will require other solid-state relaxation mechanisms involving dislocation
s\, variation of oxygen/water fugacity\, and/or partial melting. Overall\,
by overcoming some of the experimental limitations on previous measuremen
ts of viscoelastic relaxation in ultramafic materials\, this study helps t
o establish a more robust model for upper- mantle seismic wave dispersion
and attenuation.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/152/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Rebecca McGirr (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20220317T050000Z
DTEND:20220317T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/153
DESCRIPTION:Title: Estimating Earth's temporal gravity field from GRACE
observations\nby Rebecca McGirr (RSES\, ANU) as part of ANU Research S
chool of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar
Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\nAbstract: T
BA\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/153/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Evgenii Krestianinov (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20220324T050000Z
DTEND:20220324T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/154
DESCRIPTION:Title: Chronology of planetesimal accretion and magmatism de
rived from U-Pb and Rb-Sr systematics of ungrouped achondrites\nby Evg
enii Krestianinov (RSES\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sci
ences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research S
chool of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nUnderstanding how
fast the Solar system evolved from a cloud of gas and dust to first rocks
\,\nplanetesimals and planets requires high-precision chronological framew
ork. Study of the\ncomposition and chronology of achondrites\, the rocks f
rom planetesimals that experienced\nmelting and differentiation of various
degrees\, provides us with information about the\nformation of building b
locks of the planets. Unusual achondrites that do not fit the established
groups expand our understanding of asteroid diversity and shed light on ma
gmatic processes in different domains of the early Solar System.\n
\n\nEarth s
ystem mass change offers a unique perspective into Earth dynamics. By meas
uring temporal variation of the Earth gravity field\, GRACE (2002-2017) an
d GRACE Follow-On (GRACE-FO\; 2018- ) satellites have been providing estim
ates of the mass change caused by various natural (e.g.\, terrestrial wate
r storage surplus in Australia due to the 2010-2012 La Niña) and anthropo
genic (e.g.\, groundwater depletion in California) processes\, as well as
climate change (e.g.\, diminishing ice-sheets/glaciers and rising see leve
l). The standard data products of GRACE/GRACE-FO are the global “monthly
-mean snapshots” of surface mass change estimated from one month of inte
r- satellite tracking data. The monthly sampling limits the GRACE applicat
ions to slowly-varying processes with seasonal to interannual variability.
However\, there is substantial high-frequency (sub-monthly) mass variabil
ity in the Earth system caused by extreme\, rapidly-changing processes suc
h as tsunamis\, floods\, and cyclones that cannot be studied using the sta
ndard monthly data from the GRACE/GRACE-FO project.\n\nIn this seminar\, I
will present a novel approach based on direct along-orbit analysis of int
er- satellite tracking data that pushes the limit of GRACE/GRACE-FO and op
ens the way for examining mass variability at significantly shorter timesc
ales like hours or days. I will present three examples of such high-freque
ncy\, transient processes: (1) GRACE gravitational observations of large t
sunamis (e.g.\, 2004 Sumatra)\, (2) GRACE-FO monitoring of the Bangladesh
flood during 2020 monsoon season\, and (3) GRACE-FO observations of high-f
requency ocean variability in the Gulf of Carpentaria. The along-orbit gra
vitational observations in these cases could be used\, respectively\, for
(1) distinguishing among tsunami models with different earthquake sources\
, (2) providing constraints on runoff routing models as well as tracking t
he temporal evolution of flood volume during the monsoon season\, and (3)
validating (high-frequency) ocean models.\n\nI plan to introduce a new alo
ng-orbit gravimetric data product for the GRACE and GRACE-FO missions\, an
d release it to the geoscience and hydrology community. This data product
will open new opportunities in Earth system mass change monitoring\, and a
lso has the potential to become more relevant in the future with climate c
hange likely worsening the frequency and intensity of some extreme events
like floods.\n\n\n\n(2) Reimagining our water future from space
\nTo support future-oriented decision makings in water and agricultu
ral sectors\, access to accurate and up-to-date information on the current
state of the global water system is critical. In water- limited ecosystem
s\, soil moisture provides the main connection between climate and vegetat
ion dynamics in space and time. The spatial pattern of soil moisture can v
ary significantly due to the heterogeneous spatial distribution of rainfal
l and variability in soil properties\, land cover type and topography. Due
to this large spatial variability\, the utility of ground-based\, point-s
cale measurements is limited. Soil moisture estimates from land surface mo
dels are adversely affected by the uncertainties of atmospheric forcing\,
model dynamics and model parameterization. Remotely sensed data can provid
e spatially and temporally varying constraints on the modelling of biophys
ical landscape variables that are often superior to that achieved by a sin
gle static set of model parameters. Data assimilation merges models and ob
servations in a way that take advantage of their respective strengths (e.g
.\, uncertainty\, coverage)\, resulting in improved accuracy\, coverage\,
and ultimately forecasting capability. The development of the space-based\
, hyper resolution soil moisture products would enhance timely decision ma
king and forward planning by farmers\, fire agencies and other land and wa
ter managers.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/144/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Matthew Steele-MacInnis (University of Alberta)
DTSTART:20211125T020000Z
DTEND:20211125T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/146
DESCRIPTION:Title: The iron-oxide problem\, and the carbonate-sulfate so
lution\nby Matthew Steele-MacInnis (University of Alberta) as part of
ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Ja
eger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus
.\n\nAbstract\nThe origins of Kiruna-type iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposit
s are contentious\, with contradictory models ranging from purely hydrothe
rmal to magmatic\, because direct observations of the ore-forming fluids h
ave been lacking. In this presentation\, I will summarize my group's recen
t results of analyses of ore-forming fluids from IOA deposits around the w
orld\, in the form of fluid inclusions hosted in ore-stage minerals. Our r
esults reveal a number of surprises\, and paint a very different picture o
f the formation of IOA deposits\, involving iron-rich salt melts dominated
by calcium sulfate and carbonate. I will therefore argue that models for
IOA deposits need to be overhauled\, with significant implications for bot
h how these deposits form\, and how to explore for them.\n\n\n
\n
\n\nThe
key to answering many compelling and complex questions in Earth\, planetar
y\, and life science lies in breaking down the barriers between scientific
fields and harnessing the integrated\, multi-disciplinary power of their
respective data resources. We have a unique opportunity to integrate large
and rapidly expanding data resources\, to enlist powerful analytical and
visualization methods\, and to answer multi-disciplinary questions that ca
nnot be addressed by one field alone. \nRecent years have seen a dramatic
increase in the volume of mineralogical and geochemical data available for
study. These large and expanding data resources have created an opportuni
ty to characterize changes in near-surface mineralogy through deep time an
d to relate these findings to the geologic and biologic evolution of our p
lanet over the past 4.5 billion years [1-2]. Using databases such as the R
RUFF Project\, the Mineral Evolution Database (MED)\, mindat\, and EarthCh
em\, we explore the spatial and temporal distribution of minerals on Earth
’s surface while considering the multidimensional relationships between
composition\, oxidation state\, structural complexity [3]\, and parageneti
c mode [4]. \nThese studies\, driven by advanced analytical and visualizat
ion techniques such as mineral ecology [5-6]\, network analysis [7]\, and
affinity analysis\, allow us to begin tackling big questions in Earth\, pl
anetary\, and biosciences. These questions relate to understanding the rel
ationships of mineral formation and preservation with large-scale geologic
processes\, such as Wilson cycles\, the oxidation of Earth’s atmosphere
\, and changes in ocean chemistry. We can also investigate the abundance a
nd likely species of as-yet undiscovered mineral\, as well as estimate the
probability of finding a mineral or mineral assemblage at any locality on
Earth or another planetary body [5\,6\,8]. Given the spatial and temporal
distribution of minerals on Earth\, which was heavily influenced by life\
, we can explore the possibility that Earth’s mineral diversity and dist
ribution is a biosignature that can be used for future planetary evaluatio
n and exploration [8-9]. Likewise\, we are exploring the origins of all mi
neral species through the development of the Evolutionary System of Minera
logy – a system that will provide a framework for predicting the formati
onal conditions of mineral species of unknown origin [10-15]. These geolog
ic resources also facilitate integration across disciplines and allow us t
o explore ideas that one field alone cannot fully characterize\, such as h
ow the geochemical makeup of our planet affected the emergence and evoluti
on of life\, and\, likewise\, how life influenced chemical composition and
geological processes throughout Earth history. \n\n[1] Hazen et al. (2008
) Am. Mineral. 93\, 1693-1720\n[2] Liu et al. (2017) Nat. Comm.\, 8:1950\n
[3] Krivovichev et al. (2013) Min. Mag. 77(3)\, 275-326. \n[4] Hazen & Mor
rison (2021) On the paragenetic modes of minerals\, Am. Min. (In Review)\n
[5] Hazen et al. (2015) Can. Min. 53(2):295-324\n[6] Hystad et al. (2018)
Bayesian estimation of Earth’s undiscovered mineralogical diversity\, Ma
thematical Geosciences\, 51\, 401-417\n[7] Morrison et al. (2017) Am. Min.
\, 102\, 1588-1596. \n[8] Morrison et al. (2020) Exploring carbon mineral
systems: Recent advances in C mineral evolution\, mineral ecology\, and ne
twork analysis\, Frontiers\, 8\, 208 [9] Hazen & Ausubel\, (2016) Am. Min.
\, 101(6)\, 1245-1251\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/148/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Chuan-Chou Shen (National Taiwan University)
DTSTART:20211104T020000Z
DTEND:20211104T030000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/149
DESCRIPTION:Title: Stalagmite-inferred East Asian summer monsoon dynamic
s and a centennial earth magnetic reversal event at 98 ka\nby Chuan-Ch
ou Shen (National Taiwan University) as part of ANU Research School of Ear
th Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Rese
arch School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nIn this talk\, I will briefly review the studies usi
ng stalagmite to infer East Asian summer monsoon dynamics on orbital and s
ub-orbital scales. Related research progress and debates will be discussed
. In the past decade\, our team also used stalagmites to reconstruct paleo
magnetic records. I will introduce our recent work to reveal rapid geomagn
etic oscillations during 107-91 ka and an abrupt centennial reversal trans
ition at 98 ka.\n\n
\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/149/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Ping Zhang (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20220224T050000Z
DTEND:20220224T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/150
DESCRIPTION:Title: Understanding the Banda Arc-Continent Collision throu
gh 3-D Seismic Imaging\nby Ping Zhang (RSES\, ANU) as part of ANU Rese
arch School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 S
eminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbs
tract\nThe Banda arc-continent collision currently taking place in Southea
st Asia is a result of convergence of the Indo-Australian plate with the E
urasian plate. From west to east along the Sunda-Banda arc\, the subductin
g Indo-Australian plate changes from the Cretaceous to Jurassic age Indian
Ocean lithosphere and finally to the lithosphere of Australian continenta
l margin as the plate collides with the volcanic arc. This young collision
effectively captures the cessation of island arc volcanism and the initia
tion of mountain building as the plate boundary evolves from subduction to
arc-continent collision. Detailed knowledge of seismic structure is criti
cal to understanding how this tectonic transition evolves\, yet it remains
unclear due to the previous lack of dense data coverage. A new seismic ex
periment composed of 30 broadband seismometers was carried out across the
archipelago of Eastern Indonesia (NTT) and Timor-Leste\, recording ~5-year
waveforms from March 2014 to August 2019. Utilizing both continuous ambie
nt noise data and distant earthquake data from this experiment\, I success
fully mapped a detailed 3-D shear wave velocity model in the crust and upp
ermost mantle (0-50 km)\, Moho structure\, and tectonic fabrics through fo
ur different imaging methods. In this talk\, I will present the imaging re
sults of (1) the subducted Australian continental margin at lithospheric d
epths\, (2) the structural heterogeneities reflecting the different collis
ional stages along strike and inherited from the incoming plate\, and (3)
the tectonic fabrics resulting from the complex crustal deformation during
the collision.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/150/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Jörg Hermann (University of Bern)
DTSTART:20220303T050000Z
DTEND:20220303T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/151
DESCRIPTION:Title: The Earth’s deep water cycle and crust formation\nby Jörg Hermann (University of Bern) as part of ANU Research School of
Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\,
Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\n
\n\nNew continental crust is formed above subduction zon
e\, where the dehydration of the subducted slab triggers wet melting in th
e hot part of the mantle wedge. In this talk\, I will present the major de
hydration reactions in subducted serpentinites and how they influence some
key properties of the slab-mantle system\, with particular attention to t
he transition from chlorite- to garnet-peridotite. Mass transfer in the su
bducted slab depends on slab temperature and the amounts of fluids release
d from ultramafic rocks. Dehydration of chlorite on top of the slab and an
tigorite in the interior of the slab are the most prominent fluid-producin
g reactions at sub-arc depth. Therefore\, the initial hydration of the inc
oming oceanic lithosphere is playing a major role on crust production rate
s providing an important link between the deep water cycle and crust forma
tion.\n\n
\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/151/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Tongzhang Qu (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20220310T050000Z
DTEND:20220310T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/152
DESCRIPTION:Title: Viscoelastic relaxation in polycrystalline olivine: i
ts onset\, grain-size sensitivity\, and seismological implications\nby
Tongzhang Qu (RSES\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Science
s school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research Schoo
l of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nTorsional forced-osci
llation testing has previously been undertaken to probe the high-\ntempera
ture viscoelastic relaxation in polycrystalline olivine and its sensitivit
ies to variation of grain size (d)\, partial melting\, prior deformation\,
and the fugacities of water and oxygen. Such measurements have involved s
imultaneous measurement of shear modulus (G) and strain-energy dissipation
(QG-1) at seismic periods (1 – 1000 s) and low st
rain amplitudes < 10-5\, under conditions of high temperature (
≤ 1300 °C) and pressure (200 MPa) with experimental methodology that ha
s been progressively refined over many years. Because viscoelastic relaxat
ion reflects the presence of crystal defects and prevailing physico-chemic
al conditions\, such laboratory studies are critical to interpretation of
seismic wave dispersion and attenuation in the Earth’s upper mantle.\n
\nIn this talk\, I present the results of the high-precision Pb-Pb chronol
ogy of three ungrouped\nmeteorites and one eucrite\, and Rb-Sr systematics
of eight ungrouped achondrites. Pb-Pb\nisotopic dating provides “absolu
te” crystallization ages while the initial 87Sr/86
Sr ratios are used\nto estimate the time when the asteroid material separa
ted from the volatile-rich nebula. The\nstudy of ungrouped achondrite Erg
Chech 002 with andesitic composition that is found to be\nthe oldest known
igneous rock in our solar system\, shows that its parent asteroid already
\naccreted and experienced melting\, differentiation and crystallisation o
f the crust by ~4565.6\nMa ago\, or ~1.5 Ma after Ca-Al-rich inclusions\,
the oldest known solids. The parent asteroid\nof Erg Chech 002 formed cont
emporaneously with chondrules in ordinary chondrites\, and\nearlier than t
he main period of formation of chondrules in carbonaceous chondrites. Init
ial Sr\nchronology correlates in most cases with Pb-Pb crystallization age
\, and overlapped within\nuncertainties\, indicating a rapid transition fr
om a separation of precursor material to accretion\, melting\, differentia
tion and crystallization of planetesimals.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/154/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Elisabeth Scibiorski (Monash University)
DTSTART:20220407T060000Z
DTEND:20220407T070000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/155
DESCRIPTION:Title: Titanite as a petrogenetic indicator: Tools and appli
cations\nby Elisabeth Scibiorski (Monash University) as part of ANU Re
search School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1
Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nA
bstract\nThe trace element composition of titanite reflects the temperatur
e\, pressure and bulk-rock composition from which it crystallized. In this
talk\, I will discuss the use of titanite as a petrogenetic indicator\, a
nd its application to petrochronology and detrital provenance analysis. Se
veral geochemical discriminators are identified by applying compositional
statistics and a machine learning classifier (a support vector matrix) to
a global compilation of titanite trace element data. The compilation compr
ises more than 7\,400 analyses of igneous and metamorphic titanite from a
wide range of bulk-rock compositions. First\, igneous and metamorphic tita
nite are differentiated on the basis of Al/Fe and ΣLREE content. Variatio
n in Th/U aids differentiation in composite settings\, such as igneous roc
ks overprinted by metamorphism. Second\, titanite from felsic host rocks i
s distinguished by low Zr/Y and high Fe content. For titanite from igneous
rocks\, this effectively discriminates titanite from mafic and felsic roc
ks. Finally\, titanite from garnet-bearing mineral assemblages is more HRE
E-depleted than titanite from garnet-free assemblages. These geochemical d
iscriminators are applied to three case studies\, which demonstrate that c
ombined titanite trace-element and U-Pb data can be used to constrain the
timing of garnet growth\, and to link detrital titanite to different sourc
e lithologies.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/155/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Caroline Eakin (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20220414T060000Z
DTEND:20220414T070000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/156
DESCRIPTION:Title: The Deep Roots of Geology: Tectonic History of Austra
lia and its Margins expressed as Mantle Anisotropy\nby Caroline Eakin
(RSES\, ANU) as part of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school semin
ar\n\nLecture held in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sci
ences\, ANU Acton campus.\n\nAbstract\nAustralia is an old stable continen
t with a rich geological history. Limitations in sub-surface seismic imagi
ng below the Moho\, however\, mean that is unclear to what extent\, and to
what depth\, this rich geological history is expressed in the mantle. Stu
dies of seismic anisotropy\, which reflect past/present mantle deformation
\, can offer potential insights. One commonly employed technique is shear
wave splitting\, in which the wave polarisation is measured. New such resu
lts from the BILBY array\, a linear transect of seismic stations that cros
sed the Australian continent from north to south\, reveals a pattern of an
isotropy that is consistent with past deformation of the Australian lithos
phere that has been preserved for over 300 million years. Another informat
ive technique is to use scattered surface waves\, called Quasi-Love waves\
, that can detect lateral gradients in seismic anisotropy. The first such
study for the region finds that scatterers are preferentially located near
(1) the passive continental margins\, and (2) the boundaries of major geo
logical provinces within Australia. Such lateral anisotropic gradients wit
hin the continental interior imply pervasive fossilized lithospheric aniso
tropy\, on a scale that mirrors the crustal geology at the surface. Beneat
h the continental margins\, lateral anisotropic gradients may indicate sma
ll-scale dynamic processes in the asthenosphere\, such as edge-drive conve
ction\, that are tied to the margins.\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/156/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Sarah Kachovich (ANZIC-IODP\, RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20220331T050000Z
DTEND:20220331T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/157
DESCRIPTION:Title: Discovering the Earth’s deepest secrets with scient
ific ocean drilling\nby Sarah Kachovich (ANZIC-IODP\, RSES\, ANU) as p
art of ANU Research School of Earth Sciences school seminar\n\nLecture hel
d in Jaeger 1 Seminar Room\, Research School of Earth Sciences\, ANU Acton
campus.\n\nAbstract\nScientists have been drilling the ocean floor for 55
years\, in an enduring paragon of global research\, over 275 expeditions.
Over these years\, scientific ocean drilling has continually shaped our f
oundational knowledge about the entire Earth system while enabling new fie
lds of inquiry. This has resulted in a significantly broad range of accomp
lishments in several of the Earth science disciplines\, which includes\, u
nderstanding the Earth’s Paleoclimate and paleoceanographic evolution\,
resolving boundary conditions and sensitivity constraints for testing clim
ate and tectonic models\, instrumenting regions of severe potential geohaz
ards and exploring the deep limits of life.\n\nThis talk will be broken in
to two parts. First\, we will visit the legacy of the scientific ocean dri
lling programs. Then we will take a quick journey millions of years back i
n time and explore the Earth’s future that is buried in the deep.\n\nIn
the second half of the talk\, we will connect LIVE with the program's most
famous floating laboratory\, the JOIDES Resolution\, where ANU’s RSES\,
Dr Derya Gürer is onboard. Outreach Officer\, Maryalice Yakutchik and De
rya will share the wonder of science and exploration on the IODP Expeditio
n 392\, which has been off the coast of South Africa for the past two mont
hs. The Australian driller onboard\, Glenn Barret\, will also drop in on t
he call to say g'day and explain the operational challenges of drilling th
e deep sea. \n\nThe international team of Expedition 392 have been drillin
g the Agulhas Plateau and Transkei Basin to reconstruct the Cretaceous–P
aleogene tectonic and climatic evolution of the Southern Ocean basin and a
re about to wrap up operations. Learn more about this expedition here : <
a href="https://joidesresolution.org/expedition/agulhas-plateau-cretaceous
-climate/">https://joidesresolution.org/expedition/agulhas-plateau-cretace
ous-climate/
\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/174/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Tobias Grützner-Handke (RSES & Frankfurt)
DTSTART:20220714T060000Z
DTEND:20220714T070000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/175
DESCRIPTION:Title: 
\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/181/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Fangqin Chen (RSES\, ANU)
DTSTART:20221103T050000Z
DTEND:20221103T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/182
DESCRIPTION:Title: 
\n\nFig. 1.
a. Aeromagnetic anomaly image of south-eastern Australia (From Tarlowski e
t al.\, 1996) showing the centre of the Deniliquin Feature's location near
Deniliquin\, NSW. Arrowheads show directions of possible demagnetized rad
ial features. Frame defines location of Fig. 1b. Source: Geoscience Austra
lia.\n\nb. TMI image of the Deniliquin feature and surrounds\, including l
ocation of drill holes which penetrated the basement. Arrows mark location
of radial fault lines and associated igneous bodies. Source: Geoscience A
ustralia.\n\n(From Glikson & Yeates\, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto
.2022.229454)\n\nThis seminar is organised and sponsored by the IODP/ANZIC
(https://iodp.org.au)\n
LOCATION:https://stable.researchseminars.org/talk/RSES_school_seminar/222/
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
SUMMARY:Professor Maureen E. Raymo (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Co
lumbia University)
DTSTART:20231109T050000Z
DTEND:20231109T060000Z
DTSTAMP:20260404T094939Z
UID:RSES_school_seminar/223
DESCRIPTION:Title: